Influence of soil drainage on early development and biomass production of young, herbicide-released fir–spruce stands in north central Maine

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 955-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Meng ◽  
R. S. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

The hypothesis that soil drainage affects early development of managed balsam fir–red spruce (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.–Picearubens Sarg.) stands was examined by comparing age structures, growth rates of dominant trees, and above-ground biomass production (by components) between well drained and poorly drained soils on the Chesuncook catena. Nearly all dominant trees of both fir and spruce originated between 1974 and 1977 as advance seedlings that averaged 6–8 years old at overstory removal and required an average of 4–5 years to reach breast height afterward. Older advance seedlings reached breast height sooner; neither age at overstory removal nor time to breast height were related to drainage. After trees reached breast height, growth in height and basal diameter was significantly greater on well drained soils for fir, but not for red spruce. As a result, total biomass production was greater on well drained soils (15.1 Mg/ha) than on poorly drained soils (9.4 Mg/ha), although biomass varied widely owing to irregular stocking. Biomass data are combined with other studies of Abies spp. in a chronosequence to examine leading hypotheses of foliar and total biomass accumulation over time.

Sucrose accumulation in sugarcane stalks does not limit photosynthesis and biomass production

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 848 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Inman-Bamber ◽  
P. A. Jackson ◽  
M. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
High Sucrose

Until now raw sugar has been the predominant commodity produced from sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) with the exception of Brazil where fermentable sugars are used to produce ethanol. Worldwide interest in renewable energy has focussed attention on total biomass production of ‘energy canes’ rather than sucrose yield alone. Clones selected for biomass tend to have high fibre contents derived from the wild type, S. spontaneum. It is possible that high fibre genotypes can produce higher biomass yields than high sucrose types due to feedback on photosynthesis either by sucrose or sucrose signalling compounds as proposed in several recent publications on feedback responses in sugarcane leaves. Up to 20 sugarcane clones with either high fibre or high sucrose content were grown in one field and three pot experiments to elucidate some of the processes from source to sink that could be responsible for high rates of biomass accumulation expected in high fibre clones. We were particularly interested in the possibility that clones with high sucrose content may have reduced photosynthesis as sucrose levels increased in upper internodes due to feedback mechanisms. Photosynthesis of whole plants and of single leaves decreased with crop development as much as 60% in some cases. Maintenance of photosynthesis was not associated with low content of sugars in leaves or in internodes. Sink strength for sucrose storage in the upper internodes was strong in both high fibre and high sucrose clones despite plants being grown for 12 months in conditions controlled to achieve high sucrose contents. Our data supported previous conclusions about localised feedback on photosynthesis by sugars accumulating in the leaf resulting in reduced photosynthesis of small segments of individual young leaves. However, whole-plant photosynthesis did not decline through the day indicating that older leaves may compensate for reduced photosynthesis in younger leaves in the afternoon. While photosynthesis declined with crop age and sucrose content increased we found no evidence to suggest that photosynthesis declined because sucrose content increased. An increase in biomass yield through breeding and selection may not necessarily result in reduced sucrose content and increased fibre content.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED GROWTH-PROMOTING MICROORGANISMS AFFECT BIOMASS PRODUCTION, GAS EXCHANGE AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN SOYBEAN PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-632
Author(s):  
MARIANA AGUIAR SILVA ◽  
ADRIANO STEPHAN NASCENTE ◽  
MARTA CRISTINA CORSI DE FILIPPI ◽  
ANNA CRISTINA LANNA ◽  
GISELE BARATA DA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Beneficial Microorganisms ◽  
Soybean Plants

ABSTRACT The use of beneficial microorganisms in crop systems can contribute to sustainable agriculture by promoting improvements in crop development and grain yield without damaging the environment. However, there is much uncertainty surrounding the effects of using a combination of microorganisms to promote plant development. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of microorganism species individually and in combination on the biomass production, gas exchange and nutrient contents in the shoots and roots of soybean plants. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 30 treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of the rhizobacteria BRM 32109, BRM 32110 and 1301 (Bacillussp.); BRM 32111 and BRM 32112 (Pseudomonas sp.); BRM 32113 (Burkholderia sp.); BRM 32114 (Serratia sp.); Ab-V5 (Azospirillum bras ilense) and 1381 (Azospirillum sp.); the fungus Trichoderma asperellum (a mixture of the isolates UFRA. T06, UFRA. T09, UFRA. T12 and UFRA. T52); 19 combinations of these microorganisms, and a control (no microorganisms). At sowing, the soil was treated with Bradyrhizobium, and then the soybean seeds were inoculated. The microorganism suspension was applied in each treatment at 7 days after planting (DAP) in the soil and at 21 DAP on the seedlings. The Trichoderma pool, Ab-V5, 1301 + 32110, 1301 + 32114, 1301 + Ab-V5 and 32110 + Ab-V5 treatments resulted in significantly higher total biomass accumulation in the soybean plants, with values that were, on average, 25% higher than that in the control treatment. Our results suggest that the use of beneficial microorganisms in cropping systems is a promising technique.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4167
Author(s):  
David Kombi Kaviriri ◽  
Huan-Zhen Liu ◽  
Xi-Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Clonal Trial

In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

Role of sink-source relationships in chrysanthemum flower size and total biomass production

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana M.P. Carvalho ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Jeremy Harbinson ◽  
Olaf Van Kooten
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Total Biomass

scholarly journals Standing crops of dominant combretum species at three browsing levels in the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Dayton
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Combretum Apiculatum ◽  
Different Levels

In red bushwillow veld near the Sand River in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, a determination was made of the standing crops of Combretum apiculatum and C. zeyheri at browsing levels delineated by the maximum feeding heights of impala (1,5 m), kudu (2,5 m) and giraffe (5,5 m). Using harvested sample trees, logarithmic or linear regression equations were generated which related basal diameter or stem height to biomass or percentage of total biomass at the different levels. Biomass was divided into two components: current shoots and wood plus bark. Regression forms and variables which produced the highest correlation coefficients changed with changes in species or browsing level, however, most equations were logarithmic with basal diameter as the independent variable.

scholarly journals Does Deep-Underground Storage Stimulate the Germination of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Seed?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Yuxin He ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Heping Xie ◽  
Jingchen Wang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Storage ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
Compensatory Effect

Agriculture is a crucial area to be considered when exploring and exploiting the use of deep-underground space. We investigated the feasibility of deep-underground seed storage by keeping canola seed in either envelopes or sealed packages at four depths below the Earth’s surface (0, 240, 690, and 1410 m) at a gold mine in northeastern China. We studied the effects of storage depth and duration by conducting germination tests with the stored seed. The results showed that the rate of germination was reduced in seed stored at deeper levels and was also lower at all depths after a more prolonged period of storage. Seeds from sealed packages exhibited better resistance to the deep-underground environment than seeds kept in envelopes. However, measurements of hypocotyl lengths and biomass accumulation revealed that the germination of seeds stored in deep-underground was initially inhibited but recovered well compared with the control as the storage depth increased. The total biomass of the hypocotyl increased as the depth of seed storage deepened, indicating the existence of a compensatory effect on seed germination. The findings suggest that short-term deep-underground storage of seeds in sealed packages would improve the germination performance of cultivated canola in terms of the hypocotyl length and biomass accumulation and might be considered as a pre-sowing strategy.

scholarly journals Biomass Equations for 24 Understory Species in Coniferous and Broadleaved Mixed Forests in Northeastern China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijiang He ◽  
Chunyu Zhang ◽  
Fengguo Du ◽  
Xiuhai Zhao ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Understory Species ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Understory Plants ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Best Fit

Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystem productivity and diversity. Compared to biomass models of overstory canopy trees, few are available for understory saplings and shrubs and therefore their roles in estimation of forest carbon pools are often ignored. In this study, we harvested 24 understory species including 4 saplings, 9 tree-like shrubs and 11 typical shrubs in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in northeastern China and developed the best fit allometric equations of above- and below-ground and total biomass by species-specific or multispecies using morphological measurements of basal diameter, height and crown area as independent variables. The result showed that single basal diameter, height or crown area had good explanatory power for both species-specific and multispecies (p<0.001). The best-fit models included only basal diameter in sapling and tree-like shrubs, and combinations of crown area, height, and basal diameter in typical shrubs. The logarithmic model was most desired among the 4 model forms of linear, quadratic, multiple linear and logarithmic, for species-specific and multispecies. The models we developed should help the estimation of forest ecosystem carbon stocks, especially for belowground component, and provide tools for quantification of individual species biomass of understory plants.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Biomass and Macronutrient Content of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake in Arenized Soil of Pampa Biome

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Huan Pablo de Souza ◽  
Mauro Valdir Schumacher ◽  
Aline Aparecida Ludvichak ◽  
Dione Richer Momolli ◽  
Claudiney Do Couto Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pampa Biome ◽  
Biomass Determination ◽  
To Receive

The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass and the macronutrient stock in an experiment of fertilization with Eucalyptus urophylla, planted in arenized soil at 12 months-old, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment had a completely randomized design with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with three replications. The treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5, received increasing doses of triple superphosphate. On the other hand, the T1 treatment was the only one to receive natural phosphate in planting. For the determination of the biomass, fifteen trees were felled and separated in the following components: leaves, branches, stem bark, stem wood and roots. Samples of the components were collected and transported to the laboratory for biomass determination and chemical analysis. The total biomass varied between the treatments, with highest biomass accumulation of 6.83 Mg ha-1 occurring in T5. The T1 presented the highest biomass for roots representing 33.4% of the total biomass. The biomass distribution among the different components in the decreasing order was: roots > stem wood > leaves > branches > stem bark, for all the treatments. The treatment with higher doses of fertilizers (T5) presented the highest amount of nutrient accumulation in the total biomass (131.26 kg ha-1). The concentration and accumulation of nutrients presented the following trend K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. Analyzing the different components of biomass, the highest amounts of nutrients followed the order: leaves > roots > stem wood > branches > stem bark. Fertilization influenced the biomass production of E. urophylla in arenized soil in the Pampa biome, but without significant differences to date (12 months). The leaves had the highest concentration of macronutrients, with the exception of Ca, which was higher in the bark. The K was the element that presented highest accumulation in whole tree. The plantation of eucalyptus with fertilization management may be an alternative for the economic use of arenized soil.

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