Seasonal patterns in body mass, body composition, and water transfer rates of free-ranging and captive black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley ◽  
Charles T. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Free Ranging

Body mass, body composition, and water transfer rates were determined over a continuous 2-year period in nine free-ranging Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis). Body masses showed a cyclical pattern, declined 14 – 31% between October and March, and were best described by a five-parameter, biologically based regression model. The amount of mass lost by black-tailed deer over winter depended on the peak body mass attained during fall. During winter, animals used 70 – 82% of their body fat and 10 – 15% of their protein reserves. Body fat was preferentially mobilized at rates 2.3 – 11.6 times higher than protein. Because of the higher energy content of fat, fat accounted for 83 – 92% of the catabolized energy. Water transfer rates varied seasonally with average summer values approximately four times those of winter; lactating deer had significantly higher rates of water transfer than nonlactating animals. Seasonal changes in all of the above parameters for wild deer were greater than those for eight deer of the same age in captivity.

Body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Hilderbrand ◽  
H.N. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Water Dilution

We used deuterium water dilution to estimate body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Nelchina Basin, Alaska. Body mass differed between sexes throughout the year but did not vary within sex. Mean fat mass and mean energy content were highest in both sexes in the spring. Mean lean mass was lowest in both sexes in the spring. Body mass and lean body mass were positively related to animal age in both males and females up to age 6–8 years. There was no relationship between body fat content and animal age in either sex except in older animals. Thus, growth beyond age 2 consists primarily of lean mass. Body mass of reproductively active females was greater than nonreproductively active females in the spring but not in summer or fall. Deuterium should be allowed to circulate in the wolf for at least 120 min to ensure complete equilibration regardless of season, sex, age, or reproductive status.

Do urinary urea nitrogen and cortisol ratios of creatinine reflect body-fat reserves in black-tailed deer?

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Glenn D. DelGiudice ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Sitkensis ◽  
Energy Deprivation ◽  
Free Ranging

Urinary ratios of urea nitrogen:creatinine and cortisol:creatinine have been used as indices of the nutritional and physiological health of cervid populations. These ratios are used to monitor temporal trends in dietary protein and (or) energy deprivation, and changes in net catabolism of endogenous protein as body-fat reserves are depleted. Over a 2-year period, we compared urine chemistries of free-ranging and captive Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) to examine seasonal and locational differences. We also determined body composition of all deer using tritiated water. Elevated urea nitrogen and cortisol ratios of creatinine did not consistently reflect individual animal body condition as measured by declining fat content in our free-ranging animals. Instead these urinary ratios more likely reflect immediate dynamics between fat depletion, protein catabolism, and energy intake rather than long-term changes in body-fat reserves.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

Body Mass and Body Composition Changes over 7 Years in a Male Professional Rugby Union Team

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clíodhna McHugh ◽  
Karen Hind ◽  
Aoife O'Halloran ◽  
Daniel Davey ◽  
Gareth Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Dxa Scans ◽  
Composition Changes

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal body mass and body composition changes in one professional rugby union team (n=123), (i) according to position [forwards (n=58) versus backs (n=65)], analysis of players with 6 consecutive seasons of DXA scans (n=21) and, (iii) to examine differences by playing status [academy and international], over 7 years. Players [mean age: 26.8 y, body mass index: 28.9+kg.m2] received DXA scans at fourtime points within each year. A modest (but non-significant) increase in mean total mass (0.8 kg) for professional players was reflected by increased lean mass and reduced body fat mass. At all-time points, forwards had a significantly greater total mass, lean mass and body fat percentage compared to backs (p<0.05). Academy players demonstrated increased total and lean mass and decreased body fat percentage over the first 3 years of senior rugby, although this was not significant. Senior and academy international players had greater lean mass and lower body fat percentage (p<0.05) than non-international counterparts. Despite modest increases in total mass; reflected by increased lean mass and reduced fat mass, no significant changes in body mass or body composition, irrespective of playing position were apparent over 7 years.

Pre-pregnancy body mass index is associated with offspring body composition in adulthood before adiposity-related disorders: a retrospective cohort

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ilana Eshriqui ◽  
Angélica Marques Martins Valente ◽  
Luciana Dias Folchetti ◽  
Bianca de Almeida-Pititto ◽  
Sandra Roberta G. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Three Body

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and offspring body composition in adulthood. Design: Retrospective cohort. Undergraduates of nutrition or nutritionists were recruited at the baseline of the Nutritionists’ Health Study between 2014 and 2017. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and current life aspects were self-reported through online questionnaires. Three body compartments were DXA-determined. The following variables were obtained: body-fat (%), fat mass index (FMI) (kg/m2), android-to-gynoid fat ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (cm3), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (kg/m2), total bone and femur mineral content (g) and density (g/cm2). Linear regression adjusted according to directed acyclic graphs recommendation was performed. Setting: São Paulo, Brazil. Participants: Healthy non-pregnant women (aged 20-45 years) (n=150). Results: Median age and BMI were 22 years (IQR=20; 29) and 22.3 kg/m2 (IQR=20.4; 25.3). Pre-pregnancy BMI≥25 kg/m2 was reported by 14.7% of mothers. In fully adjusted models, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with their daughters’ body-fat % (β=0.31; 95%CI=0.0004; 0.63), FMI (β=0.17; 95%CI=0.03; 0.30, android-to-gynoid ratio (β=0.01; 95%CI=0.004; 0.02) and VAT (β=0.09; 95%CI=0.02; 0.16), but not with total bone density (β=0.001; 95%CI=-0.003; 0.006) and content (β=7.13; 95%CI=-4.19; 18.46). Direct association with ASMI was also detected, but lost statistical significance when participants whose mothers were underweight were excluded. Conclusions: Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index was directly associated with offspring general and visceral adiposity but seem not to be associated with bone mass. Results reinforce importance of avoiding excess of maternal adiposity, as an attempt to break the vicious cycle of obesity transmission.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

scholarly journals Whole-Food Plant-Based Lifestyle Program and Decreased Obesity: A 10-Year Follow-up

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boštjan Jakše ◽  
Barbara Jakše ◽  
Stanislav Pinter ◽  
Jernej Pajek ◽  
Nataša Fidler Mis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Lifestyle Program ◽  
Composition Changes

Failure of various weight-loss programs and long-term maintenance of favorable body composition in all kinds of people is high, since the majority go back to old dietary patterns. Many studies have documented the efficacy of a plant-based diet (PBD) for body mass management, but there are opinions that maintaining a PBD is difficult. We aimed to evaluate the long-term success of a whole-food plant-based (WFPB) lifestyle program. We investigated the differences in the obesity indices and lifestyle of 151 adults (39.6 &plusmn; SD 12.5 years), who were on our program for short (0.5&ndash;&lt;2 years), medium (2&ndash;&lt;5 years), or long term (5&ndash;10 years). Body-composition changes were favourable for all three groups, both genders and all participants. There were no differences in relative body-composition changes (BMI, body fat percentage and muscle mass index (MMI)) between the three groups. All participants improved their BMI (baseline mean pre-obesity BMI range (kg/m2): 26.4 &plusmn; 5.6 to normal 23.9 &plusmn; 3.8, p &lt; 0.001), decreased body mass (&ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 8.3 kg, p &lt; 0.001) and body fat percentage (&ndash;6.4 &plusmn; 5.6 % points, p &lt; 0.001). 85.6% (101 out of 118) of parents of underage children (&lt; 18 years), introduced WFPB lifestyle to their children. Those with the highest BMI at baseline lost the most of: a) BMI units, b) total body mass and c) body fat (a) (kg/m2) (&ndash;5.6 &plusmn; SD 2.9, &ndash;2.4 &plusmn; 1.8 and &ndash;0.9 &plusmn; 1.5), b) (kg) (&ndash;16.1 &plusmn; SD 8.8, &ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 5.4 and &ndash;2.5 &plusmn; 4.5) and c) (% points) (&ndash;9.5 &plusmn; SD 5.7, &ndash;6.6 &plusmn; 4.6 and &ndash;4.7 &plusmn; 5.3) for participants who had baseline BMI in obese, overweight and normal range, respectively; pbaseline vs. current &lt; 0.001 for all). WFPB lifestyle program provides long-term lifestyle changes for reversal of obesity and is effective transferred to the next generation.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Somatic Variables of Elite Ice Hockey Players from the Czech ELH and Russian KHL

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kutáč ◽  
Martin Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Variables

Abstract The goals of this study were to evaluate the basic morphological variables of contemporary elite ice hockey players, compare the parameters of players in the top Russian ice hockey league (KHL) with those of the top Czech ice hockey league (ELH), and to evaluate the parameters of players according to their position in the game. The research participants included 30 KHL players (mean age: 27.1 ± 5.1 years) and 25 ELH players (mean age: 26.4 ± 5.8 years). We determined body height, body mass, and body composition (body fat, fat-free mass, segmental fat analysis). All measurements were performed at the end of preseason training. The KHL players had the following anthropometric characteristics: body height 182.97 ± 5.61 cm (forward) and 185.72 ± 3.57 cm (defenseman), body mass 89.70 ± 5.28 kg (forward) and 92.52 ± 4.01 kg (defenseman), body fat 10.76 ± 0.63 kg (forward) and 11.10 ± 0.48 kg (defenseman), fatfree mass 78.94 ± 4.65 kg (forward) and 81.42 ± 3.52 kg (defenseman). The values for ELH players were as follows: body height 182.06 ± 5.93 cm (forward) and 185.88 ± 7.13 cm (defenseman), body mass 88.47 ± 7.06 kg (forward) and 89.36 ± 10.91 kg (defenseman), body fat 12.57 ± 2.89 kg (forward) and 11.91 ± 3.10 kg (defenseman), fat-free mass 75.93 ± 6.54 kg (forward) and 77.46 ± 7.89 kg (defenseman). The results indicate that it is beneficial to ice hockey players to have increased body mass and lower body fat, which leads to higher muscle mass, thus enabling a player to perform at the highest level and meet the specific challenges of the game.

To Assess and Correlate Resting Heart Rate, Body Composition and Heart Rate Variability in Judo and Wushu Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421
Author(s):  
Sapna Yadav ◽  
Gaurav Kadyan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: This study aimed to compare and correlate the resting heart rate, body composition and heart rate variability among judo and wushu players. Method: 40 athletes (20 judo and 20 wushu players) were included in the study. Body composition (BMI, subcutaneous body mass, skeletal body mass, body fat %, body density, Visceral fat, Lean body mass) was evaluated with the help of 7 skinfold thickness and body circumferences with the help of Harpenden calliper and measuring tape respectively. HRV (RMSSD, SDNN, LF/HF, LFnu and HFnu) was recorded in resting state (~5min) with the help of Heart wear shimmer ECG device. Result: No significant difference of body composition and HRV variables (p> 0.05) was found between the two groups except Body fat % and body density (p<0.05) which differ significantly among the two groups. In Judo, LF/HF and LFnu showed significant positive correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r =-0.508), and body fat % (p<0.05, r =-0.626. Whereas HFnu showed significant negative correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r=-0.505) and body fat % (p<0.05, r=-0.626). Whereas no correlation was found between HRV and Body composition in wushu players. Conclusion: Reduction in body fat % and visceral fat in judo players indicate improved sympathovagal balance which can be due to the adaptation induced by training loads. Similar results were not seen in wushu players because of high amount of body fat% and visceral fat. Keywords: Body composition, combat sports, heart rate variability, Body fat %, resting heart rate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document