The eightfold way model, the SU(3)-flavor model and the medium–strong interaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1550050
Author(s):  
Syed Afsar Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Adjoint Representation ◽  
Macroscopic Models ◽  
Physical Representation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Way

Lack of any baryon number in the eightfold way model, and its intrinsic presence in the SU(3)-flavor model, has been a puzzle since the genesis of these models in 1961–1964. First we show that the conventional popular understanding of this puzzle is actually fundamentally wrong, and hence the problem being so old, begs urgently for resolution. In this paper we show that the issue is linked to the way that the adjoint representation is defined mathematically for a Lie algebra, and how it manifests itself as a physical representation. This forces us to distinguish between the global and the local charges and between the microscopic and the macroscopic models. As a bonus, a consistent understanding of the hitherto mysterious medium–strong interaction is achieved. We also gain a new perspective on how confinement arises in quantum chromodynamics.

scholarly journals Equations for Some Nilpotent Varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 2020 (14) ◽  
pp. 4433-4464
Author(s):  
Ben Johnson ◽  
Eric Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Adjoint Representation ◽  
Nilpotent Orbit ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Simple Lie Algebra ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Levi Subalgebra ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

AbstractLet ${\mathcal{O}}$ be a Richardson nilpotent orbit in a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ of rank $n$ over $\mathbb C$, induced from a Levi subalgebra whose $s$ simple roots are orthogonal, short roots. The main result of the paper is a description of a minimal set of generators of the ideal defining $\overline{\mathcal{O}}$ in $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$. In such cases, the ideal is generated by bases of either one or two copies of the representation whose highest weight is the dominant short root, along with $n-s$ fundamental invariants of $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$. This extends Broer’s result for the subregular nilpotent orbit, which is the case of $s=1$. Along the way we give another proof of Broer’s result that $\overline{\mathcal{O}}$ is normal. We also prove a result relating a property of the invariants of $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$ to the following question: when does a copy of the adjoint representation in $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$ belong to the ideal in $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$ generated by another copy of the adjoint representation together with the invariants of $S \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$?

scholarly journals WHAT IS A MATTER PARTICLE?

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
TSAN UNG CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Z Bosons ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Stability

Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles. The antiparticle of a matter neutral particle belongs to the same class of matter neutral particles. A truly neutral particle is a particle identical with its antiparticle; it belongs necessarily to the class of matter neutral particles. All known interactions of the Standard Model conserve baryon number and lepton number; matter cannot be created or destroyed via a reaction governed by these interactions. Conservation of baryon and lepton number parallels conservation of atoms in chemistry; the number of atoms of a particular species in the reactants must equal the number of those atoms in the products. These laws of conservation valid for interaction involving matter particles are indeed valid for any particles (matter particles characterized by positive numbers, antimatter particles characterized by negative numbers, and matter neutral particles characterized by zero). Interactions within the framework of the Standard Model which conserve both matter and charge at the microscopic level cannot explain the observed asymmetry of our Universe. The strong interaction was introduced to explain the stability of nuclei: there must exist a powerful force to compensate the electromagnetic force which tends to cause protons to fly apart. The weak interaction with laws of conservation different from electromagnetism and the strong interaction was postulated to explain beta decay. Our observed material and neutral universe would signify the existence of another interaction that did conserve charge but did not conserve matter.

scholarly journals ON THE QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS OF A MASSIVE VECTOR FIELD IN THE ADJOINT REPRESENTATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1350054 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFONSO R. ZERWEKH
Keyword(s):  
Vector Field ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Extra Dimensions ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Discrete Symmetry ◽  
Adjoint Representation ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Gauge Symmetries ◽  
Gauge Fixing ◽  
Definition Of

In this paper, we explore the possibility of constructing the quantum chromodynamics of a massive color-octet vector field without introducing higher structures like extended gauge symmetries, extra dimensions or scalar fields. We show that gauge invariance is not enough to constraint the couplings. Nevertheless, the requirement of unitarity fixes the values of the coupling constants, which otherwise would be arbitrary. Additionally, it opens a new discrete symmetry which makes the coloron stable and avoid its resonant production at a collider. On the other hand, a judicious definition of the gauge fixing terms modifies the propagator of the massive field making it well-behaved in the ultraviolet limit. The relation between our model and the more general approach based on extended gauge symmetries is also discussed.

Mind and World in Aristotle's De Anima

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Philosophical Account ◽  
The World ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Original Reading ◽  
The Way

Why is the human mind able to perceive and understand the truth about reality; that is, why does it seem to be the mind's specific function to know the world? Sean Kelsey argues that both the question itself and the way Aristotle answers it are key to understanding his work De Anima, a systematic philosophical account of the soul and its powers. In this original reading of a familiar but highly compressed text, Kelsey shows how this question underpins Aristotle's inquiry into the nature of soul, sensibility, and intelligence. He argues that, for Aristotle, the reason why it is in human nature to know beings is that 'the soul in a way is all beings'. This new perspective on the De Anima throws fresh and interesting light on familiar Aristotelian doctrines: for example, that sensibility is a kind of ratio (logos), or that the intellect is simple, separate, and unmixed.

scholarly journals Quantum chromodynamics at finite energy with baryon number and strangeness conservation

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1566-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chaichian ◽  
H. Satz ◽  
I. Senda
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Finite Energy

Clans and clanlectal contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-214
Author(s):  
Kelhouvinuo Suokhrie
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Intergenerational Change ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Stable Variation ◽  
The Way

Abstract This is the first variationist study of clan intermarriage and intergenerational change in Nagaland (India). The study investigates clan as a sociolinguistic variable by drawing data from the Angami (belonging to the Kuki-Chin-Naga sub-group of Tibeto-Burman languages) community of Kohima village in Nagaland. The linguistic variables examined include two alveolar fricatives and three affricates showing variable palatalization. Like many other clan-based communities (cf. Stanford, 2007, 2008, 2009), Angamis practice exogamy. Women settle down in their husband’s clans in the same village after marriage, but continue to maintain their original clanlects despite being in contact with their husband’s clanlects for many years. Exogamy practices are however weakening in Kohima, resulting in intra-clan marriages. The study examines the linguistic implications of the inter-clan and intra-clan marriages, illustrating the patterns that young learners acquire under such circumstances and the way they respond to the new changes. Labov finds evidence for an “outward orientation of the language learning faculty” (2012, 2014). The Nagaland results build on this notion but provide a new perspective: In Nagaland, children’s language learning is inwardly oriented with respect to stable variation and outwardly oriented in the case of change in progress.

No school principal is an island: From individual to school sense-making processes in reform implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry Ganon-Shilon ◽  
Schechter Chen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Reform ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
School Contexts ◽  
Reform Implementation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Way

Educational reform implementation in today’s fast changing world requires a critical transition from individual to school sense-making processes. Managing expectations from above (e.g. external demands) and below (e.g. internal school goals) while performing within multiple overlapping contexts, principals seem pulled in many different directions simultaneously. This article proposes the concept of sense-making as a collaborative framework, explaining how principals make sense with their teachers through dialogue and negotiation to improve their schools as they constantly seek to understand the unique contexts in which they operate. This holistic approach invites a new perspective on how to develop models for reforming education systems while paving the way for a collaborative sense-making process within unique school contexts.

scholarly journals PERSISTENT CHALLENGES OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (28n29) ◽  
pp. 5695-5719 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SHIFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Weak Coupling ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Color Confinement ◽  
Regge Behavior ◽  
Holographic Description ◽  
Interaction Phenomena

Unlike some models whose relevance to Nature is still a big question mark, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) will stay with us forever. QCD, born in 1973, is a very rich theory supposed to describe the widest range of strong interaction phenomena: from nuclear physics to Regge behavior at large E, from color confinement to quark–gluon matter at high densities/temperatures (neutron stars); the vast horizons of the hadronic world: chiral dynamics, glueballs, exotics, light and heavy quarkonia and mixtures thereof, exclusive and inclusive phenomena, interplay between strong forces and weak interactions, etc. Efforts aimed at solving the underlying theory, QCD, continue. In a remarkable entanglement, theoretical constructions of the 1970's and 1990's combine with today's ideas based on holographic description and strong–weak coupling duality, to provide new insights and a deeper understanding.

Achieving Human Presence in Space Exploration

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Lester
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Way

One of the primary goals of human spaceflight has been putting human cognition on other worlds. This is at the heart of the premise of what we call space exploration. But Earth-controlled telerobotic facilities can now bring human senses to other worlds and, in that respect, the historical premise of exploration, of boots on the ground, no longer clearly applies. We have ways of achieving remote presence that we never used to have. But the distances over which this must be achieved, by humans based on the Earth, is such that the speed of light seriously handicaps their awareness and cognition. The highest quality telepresence can be achieved not only by having people on site, but also by having people close, and it is that requirement that truly mandates human spaceflight. In terms of cost, safety, and survival, getting people close is easier than getting people all the way there. It is suggested here that to the extent that space exploration is best accomplished by achieving a sense of real human off-Earth presence, that presence can be best achieved by optimally combining human spaceflight to mitigate latency, with telerobotics, to keep those humans secure. This is culturally a new perspective on exploration.

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