Thermal balance and biogenic amine excretion in Gaspé fishermen exposed to cold

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Leblanc ◽  
M. Pouliot ◽  
S. Rheaume
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Adrenergic Response

Previous studies have shown a decreased response in fishermen to cold applied locally. In the present study, the same subjects, when exposed naked for 1 hr at 60 F maintained a higher skin temperature than a control group. If these findings indicate a decreased vasoconstriction, all results obtained to date on these fishermen would indicate a decreased adrenergic response. Evidence of gross shivering was much more pronounced in the fishermen but this was not reflected by greater heat production. Both groups excreted more hydroxycortisone in the cold, and the excretion was higher in the control subjects. Cold exposure did not increase the catecholamine excretion in either group. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of P. Tousignant) acclimatization; body temperature; skin temperature; vasomotor adaptation; shivering; adrenergic response in cold habituation; hydroxycortisone excretion in cold stress Submitted on June 17, 1963

Effect of continuous cold exposure on nocturnal body temperatures of man

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Kreider ◽  
P. F. Iampietro ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
David E. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Responses

Effects of continuous cold stress on 24-hour patterns of body temperature were studied in five men. Cold stress consisted in living at 15.6℃ (60℉) for 14 days wearing only shorts. The cold period was preceded and followed by 2 weeks at 26.7℃ (80℉). Activity (minimal) and diet were the same for all periods. One blanket was used at night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature (Ts) were measured. Tr during sleep fell more rapidly and to lower values during cold exposure (35.6℃) than during the control period (36.1℃). Ts during sleep was slightly lower in the cold than in the control period; also, Ts did not exhibit the gradual drop characteristic of sleep in the control period. Comparison of Tr and Ts between early and later cold days revealed the following differences: a) nocturnal Tr fell to lower levels on the later cold days; b) nocturnal toe temperatures were 15℃ (27℉) higher on the later cold days. The arch temperatures followed the same pattern as the toes. No significant differences were found in daytime temperatures between early and later cold days. The data suggest that evidence for acclimatization to cold in terms of altered body temperature responses may be fruitfully sought in responses during rewarming and/or sleep. Submitted on September 19, 1958

scholarly journals Cold-induced heat production preceding shivering

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. J. van Ooijen ◽  
Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt ◽  
Anton A. van Steenhoven ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Large Heat

Individual changes in heat production and body temperature were studied in response to cold exposure, prior to shivering. The subjects ten women (seven men) were of normal weight, had a mean age of 23 (SD 3) years and average BMI 22·2 (SD 1·6) Kg/m2. They were lying supine under thermoneutral conditions for 30 min and were subsequently exposed to air of 15°C until shivering occurred. Heat production was measured with a ventilated hood. Body composition was measured with underwater weighing and 2H dilution. Body temperatures were measured with thermistors. Heat production during cold exposure prior to shivering increased and reached a plateau. Skin temperature decreased and did not reach a plateau during the test period. The non-shivering interval (NSI) ranged from 20 to 148 min, was not related to body composition and was not significantly different between women (81 (sd 15) min) and men (84 (sd 34) min). NSI was negatively related to skin temperature (r2 0·44, P=0·004), and skin temperature was related to heat production (r2 0·39, P=0·007) In conclusion, subjects with a relatively large heat production during cold exposure maintained a relatively high skin temperature but showed a short NSI, independent of differences in body composition.

Effect of heat acclimatization on artificial and natural cold acclimatization in man

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Heat Acclimatization ◽  
Response Measurement ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Cold Acclimatization ◽  
Chamber Temperature

The seasonal changes in oxygen consumption, rectal temperature, and skin temperature in response to a 1-hr nude exposure to 14.1 C were measured once monthly in six subjects between October and February. The same measurements were obtained in another group nude exposed 8 hr daily to a chamber temperature of 13.5 C. Shivering decreased as a result of the seasonal and chamber cold exposure ( P < 0.01). Heat production also decreased as a result of both types of exposure ( P < 0.05) but never decreased to basal values. Skin temperature in the seasonal group exhibited no change, whereas a small fall occurred in the chamber group ( P < 0.05). Although no rectal temperature change was demonstrated in the seasonal group, there was a significant fall in the rectal temperature in the chamber group. After the period of chamber and seasonal cold acclimatization, both groups were subjected to 21 days of heat acclimatization followed by another cold-response measurement. In both groups the changes induced by winter exposure and chamber exposure were not influenced by heat exposure. Since previous studies have demonstrated the lack of influence of cold exposure on heat acclimatization, it is concluded that heat and cold acclimatization are not mutually exclusive and can exist simultaneously in man. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of D. R. Johnston, F. W. Jacks, and W. Rawlings) Submitted on October 6, 1961

Observations on the effect of salicylate in fever and the regulation of body temperature against cold

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. J. Pittman ◽  
W. L. Veale ◽  
K. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Prostaglandins appear to be mediators, within the hypothalamus, of heat production and conservation during fever. We have investigated a possible role of prostaglandins in the nonfebrile rabbit during thermoregulation in the cold. Shorn rabbits were placed in an environment of 20 °C, and rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates were measured. A continuous intravenous infusion of leucocyte pyrogen was given to establish a constant fever of approximately 1 °C, and after observation of a stable febrile temperature for 90 min, a single injection of 300 mg of sodium salicylate, followed by a 1.5 mg/min infusion was then given. After the salicylate infusion was begun, rectal temperature began to fall, and reached nonfebrile levels within 90 min. Shivering activity ceased, respiratory rates increased, and in two animals, ear skin temperature increased. When these same rabbits were placed in an environment of 10 °C, at a time they were not febrile, and an identical amount of salicylate was given, rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates did not change. These results indicate that prostaglandins do not appear to be involved in heat production and conservation in the nonfebrile rabbit.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

Sex-related responses of beta-endorphin, ACTH, GH and PRL to cold exposure in humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gerra ◽  
R Volpi ◽  
R Delsignore ◽  
L Maninetti ◽  
R Caccavari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Beta Endorphin ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Plasma Prl

To establish a possible different reaction between the male and the female to short-term exposure to cold, thermal, cardiovascular and pituitary hormonal responses to cold stress were measured in eight normal men and eight women (ages 19–24). The women were eumenorrheic and were tested in the follicular phase. Each subject, lightly clad, was required to remain for 30 min in a room at an ambient temperature of 2 5°C followed by a 30 min period in a cold room at 4°C. A month later, control tests were carried out at a constant 25°C temperature for 1 h in the same subjects. Skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and plasma levels of beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, GH and PRL were measured before and after cold exposure in the two groups. Before the test, all examined parameters were similar in the two groups. During cooling, blood pressure rose and pulse rate decreased significantly in the men, but not in the women, whereas skin temperature dropped in both groups. However, after cold exposure skin temperature was significantly lower in the women than in the men. A slight, but not significant increase in beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol and GH levels was observed after cooling in the men, whereas the women showed significant increments of these hormones, When values of skin temperature were combined with the differential (after minus before cold test) hormonal values, significant negative correlations were found for beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol and GH. As observed by other authors, a significant and peculiar cold-induced decline in plasma PRL levels was observed in the men; by contrast, a slight, but not significant decrement of PRL was found in the women. Control tests at a constant 25°C temperature did not show significant thermal, cardiovascular or hormonal changes in any subject. These data reflect stronger thermal, cardiovascular and PRL responses to cooling in men than in women. On the other hand, the women, but not the men, showed significant cold-stress-induced increments of beta-endorphin, ACTH and GH, suggesting that the more efficient adaptation to cold of the men might be what prevents the stress-induced hormonal changes observed in the women.

Regulation of shivering and nonshivering heat production during acclimation of rats

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. A. Davis ◽  
D. R. Johnston ◽  
F. C. Bell ◽  
B. J. Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Central Temperature ◽  
Early Stages

When cold acclimating rats are treated with diathermy, curare and a combination of both, two main fractions of the increase in cold-induced oxygen consumption can be delineated. First, a fraction which diathermy replaces by virtue of the fact that it, in the intensities used, can raise core temperature without altering the temperature of the skin; therefore this fraction appears to be dependent upon changes in central temperature and is found to persist throughout the period of acclimation investigated. Second, a fraction of cold-induced oxygen consumption which is not replaced by diathermy and which is presumed to be dependent upon changes in skin temperature. By the administration of curare, this second fraction can be separated into two further fractions acting reciprocally depending upon the duration of cold exposure. In the early stages of acclimation, the curare-suppressed fraction of oxygen consumption appears to be entirely due to shivering. As shivering disappears with acclimation, it is replaced by a peripherally regulated nonshivering heat source which eventually takes over all the duties of heat production previously performed by shivering.

Seasonal acclimatization to cold in man

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. A. Davis ◽  
D. R. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Total Period ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Change

Six subjects were measured once monthly from October to February for alterations in shivering, heat production, and rectal and skin temperatures produced by a standard cold exposure of 14.1 α 0.46°C for 1 hour. The responses of a second group of five subjects were measured once monthly from February to September during a cold exposure of 13.7 α 0.9°C. In the October-February group, shivering decreased to a January mean value 7% of the October figure ( P < 0.01). Cold-induced heat production decreased in February to a value 52% of the October figure ( P < 0.05). Mean rectal temperature and mean surface temperature over the total period of study showed no consistently significant change. The decrease in shivering was associated with a change in the surface temperature threshold of shivering onset. The February-September group showed an increase in shivering reaching a maximum in September ( P < 0.01). Again consistently significant alteration in surface or rectal temperature could not be demonstrated. The highly significant change in shivering and the less significant change in heat production observed suggests that man seasonally acclimatizes to cold and that this acquired acclimatization is lost during the summer months. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of F. C. Bell, W. Rawlings and L. Lee) Submitted on May 27, 1960

Effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heat production of warm- and cold-acclimated sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Graham ◽  
R. J. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Temperature Responses

The heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate, rumen motility, and body temperature responses to 2.5-h adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) intrajugular infusions at 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 0.90 μg∙kg−1∙min−1 were studied in 10 shorn wethers which had been chronically (3–8 weeks) exposed to warm (19–24 °C) or moderately cold (8–13 °C) temperatures. Heat production, as estimated from respired gas analysis, increased 40–45% with all doses of A and the effect was potentiated by chronic cold exposure. Only the higher dose rates of NA induced an increase in HP. The maximum HP increase due to NA was 30% and the effect was not influenced by chronic cold exposure. Thermoneutral HP was greater by 16–19% in cold-acclimated as compared with warm-acclimated sheep. Corresponding to the HP effects of A and NA, all doses of A and the highest dose of NA resulted in slight increases in rectal temperature. Respiration rate increased with increased dose rate of NA but only the highest dose of A resulted in an increase in respiration rate. HR, rectal temperature, and respiration rate responses to A and NA were not influenced by cold acclimation.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MAN TO AN ACUTE COLD STRESS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Girling
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Eight male human subjects, resting supine, and wearing swim trunks only, were exposed to an ambient temperature of 8.5 °C for 1 hour in the first week of each month from February 1964 to January 1965 inclusive. Skin, rectal, and air temperatures were measured with thermistor probes. Percentage oxygen in expired air and minute ventilation were measured, and heat production was calculated by Weir's method. Electrical activity from the muscles of all four limbs was measured to determine shivering response. Control values of resting respiration and heat production were obtained under comfortably warm conditions and showed marked seasonal variation, with minimum values in spring and maximum values in later summer. In the response to acute cold exposure, marked seasonal changes were found also which were superimposed on the seasonal changes in control values. The response to cold exposure indicated maximum acclimatization to cold in the spring and minimum in later summer. These results are discussed in terms of three modes of response to the cold stress: (i) insulative cooling, (ii) shivering thermogenesis, and (iii) nonshivering thermogenesis. The degree of acclimatization and temperature of exposure may determine the individual mode of response.

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