Interspike interval dependency from arterial chemoreceptors

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1566-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Donnelly ◽  
W. F. Nolan ◽  
E. J. Smith ◽  
R. E. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Interspike Interval ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Control Series ◽  
First Order ◽  
System Operating ◽  
Poisson Type

The carotid body impulse generator has been previously characterized as a Poisson-type random process. We examined the validity of this characterization by analyzing sinus nerve spike trains for interspike interval dependency. Fifteen single chemoreceptive afferents were recorded in vivo under hypoxic-hypercapnic conditions, and approximately 1,000 consecutive interspike intervals for each fiber were timed and analyzed for serial dependence. The same set of intervals placed in shuffled order served as a control series without serial dependence. The original spike interval trains showed significantly negative first-order serial correlation coefficients and less variability in joint interval distributions than did the shuffled interval trains. These results suggest that the chemoreceptor afferent train is not random and may reflect a negative feedback system operating within the carotid body that limits variation about a mean frequency.

Clinical Renal Function Testing by External Double Isotope Monitoring Technique

1971 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
J. Fog Pedersen ◽  
M. Fog Pedersen ◽  
Paul Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Effective Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

SummaryAn accurate catheter-free technique for clinical determination simultaneouslyof glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow by means of radioisotopes has been developed. The renal function is estimated by the amount of radioisotopes necessary to maintain a constant concentration in the patient’s blood. The infusion pumps are steered by a feedback system, the pumps being automatically turned on when the radiation measured over the patient’s head falls below a certain preset level and turned off when this level is again readied. 131I-iodopyracet was used for the estimation of effective renal plasma flow and125I-iothalamate estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. These clearances were compared to the conventional bladder clearances and good correlation was found between these two clearance methods (correlation coefficients 0.97 and.90 respectively). The advantages and disadvantages of this new clearance technique are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Chemical Stability of Two H1Antihistaminic Drugs, Terfenadine and ItsIn VivoMetabolite Fexofenadine, Using LC-UV Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anna Gumieniczek ◽  
Anna Berecka-Rycerz ◽  
Rafał Pietraś ◽  
Izabela Kozak ◽  
Karolina Lejwoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of Degradation ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Antihistaminic Drugs ◽  
Kinetics Of

A comparative study of chemical stability of terfenadine (TER) and itsin vivometabolite fexofenadine (FEX) was performed. Both TER and FEX were subjected to high temperature at different pH and UV/VIS light at different pH and then quantitatively analyzed using new validated LC-UV methods. These methods were used to monitor the degradation processes and to determine the kinetics of degradation for both the compounds. As far as the effects of temperature and pH were concerned, FEX occurred more sensitive to degradation than TER. As far as the effects of UV/VIS light and pH were concerned, the both drugs were similarly sensitive to high doses of light. Using all stress conditions, the processes of degradation of TER and FEX followed the first-order kinetics. The results obtained for these two antihistaminic drugs could be helpful in developing their new derivatives with higher activity and stability at the same time.

scholarly journals REGENERATION OF VISUAL PURPLE IN SOLUTION

1939 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurin M. Chase ◽  
Emil L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Order Process ◽  
First Order ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
Frog Retina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Photosensitive Substance ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration

1. Measurements of visual purple regeneration in solution have been made by a procedure which minimized distortion of the results by other color changes so that density changes caused by the regenerating substance alone are obtained. 2. Bleaching a visual purple solution with blue and violet light causes a greater subsequent regeneration than does an equivalent bleaching with light which lacks blue and violet. This is due to a photosensitive substance which has a gradually increasing effective absorption toward the shorter wavelengths. It is uncertain whether this substance is a product of visual purple bleaching or is present in the solution before illumination. 3. The regeneration of visual purple measured at 560 mµ is maximal at about pH 6.7 and decreases markedly at more acid and more alkaline pH's. 4. The absorption spectrum of the regenerating material shows only a concentration change during the course of regeneration, but has a higher absorption at the shorter wavelengths than has visual purple before illumination. 5. Visual purple extractions made at various temperatures show no significant difference in per cent of regeneration. 6. The kinetics of regeneration is usually that of a first order process. Successive regenerations in the same solution have the same velocity constant but form smaller total amounts of regenerated substance. 7. In vivo, the frog retina shows no additional oxygen consumption while visual purple is regenerating.

APPROXIMATIVE PROPERTIES OF ABEL–POISSON-TYPE OPERATORS ON THE GENERALIZED HÖLDER CLASSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Yuri I. Kharkevich ◽  
◽  
Alexander G. Khanin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Continuity ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Elliptic Type ◽  
Periodic Functions ◽  
French Mathematician ◽  
First Order ◽  
Function Classes ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Poisson Type

The paper deals with topical issues of the modern applied mathematics, in particular, an investigation of approximative properties of Abel–Poisson-type operators on the so-called generalized Hölder’s function classes. It is known, that by the generalized Hölder’s function classes we mean the classes of continuous -periodic functions determined by a first-order modulus of continuity. The notion of the modulus of continuity, in turn, was formulated in the papers of famous French mathematician Lebesgue in the beginning of the last century, and since then it belongs to the most important characteristics of smoothness for continuous functions, which can describe all natural processes in mathematical modeling. At the same time, the Abel-Poisson-type operators themselves are the solutions of elliptic-type partial differential equations. That is why the results obtained in this paper are significant for subsequent research in the field of applied mathematics. The theorem proved in this paper characterizes the upper bound of deviation of continuous -periodic functions determined by a first-order modulus of continuity from their Abel–Poisson-type operators. Hence, the classical Kolmogorov–Nikol’skii problem in A.I. Stepanets sense is solved on the approximation of functions from the classes by their Abel–Poisson-type operators. We know, that the Abel–Poisson-type operators, in partial cases, turn to the well-known in applied mathematics Poisson and Jacobi–Weierstrass operators. Therefore, from the obtained theorem follow the asymptotic equalities for the upper bounds of deviation of functions from the Hölder’s classes of order from their Poisson and Jacobi–Weierstrass operators, respectively. The obtained equalities generalize the known in this direction results from the field of applied mathematics.

scholarly journals Exposure to cyclic intermittent hypoxia increases expression of functional NMDA receptors in the rat carotid body

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhen Liu ◽  
En-Sheng Ji ◽  
Shuanglin Xiang ◽  
Renaud Tamisier ◽  
Jingli Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Mk 801 ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Nmda Receptor Blocker

Although large quantities of glutamate are found in the carotid body, to date this excitatory neurotransmitter has not been assigned a role in chemoreception. To examine the possibility that glutamate and its N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a role in acclimatization after exposure to cyclic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), we exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to cyclic hypoxia or to room air sham (Sham) for 8 h/day for 3 wk. Using RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we found that ionotropic NMDA receptors, including NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, NMDAR2A/2B, are strongly expressed in the carotid body and colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase in glomus cells. CIH exposure enhanced the expression of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A/2B but did not substantially change the level of NMDAR2A. We assessed in vivo carotid sinus nerve activity (CSNA) at baseline, in response to acute hypoxia, in response to infused NMDA, and in response to infused endothelin-1 (ET-1) with and without MK-801, an NMDA receptor blocker. Infusion of NMDA augmented CSNA in CIH rats (124.61 ± 2.64% of baseline) but not in sham-exposed rats. Administration of MK-801 did not alter baseline activity or response to acute hypoxia, in either CIH or sham animals but did reduce the effect of ET-1 infusion on CSNA (CSNA after ET-1 = 160.96 ± 8.05% of baseline; ET-1 after MK-801 = 118.56 ± 9.12%). We conclude that 3-wk CIH exposure increases expression of NMDA functional receptors in rats, suggesting glutamate and its receptors may play a role in hypoxic acclimatization to CIH.

Early commissioning results for spectroscopic X-ray Nano-Imaging Beamline BL 7C sXNI at PLS-II

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1276-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangsul Lee ◽  
Ik hwan Kwon ◽  
Jae-Young Kim ◽  
Sung-Sun Yang ◽  
Sechang Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Double Crystal ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Beam Position ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray

For spectral imaging of chemical distributions using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra, a modified double-crystal monochromator, a focusing plane mirrors system and a newly developed fluorescence-type X-ray beam-position monitoring and feedback system have been implemented. This major hardware upgrade provides a sufficiently stable X-ray source during energy scanning of more than hundreds of eV for acquisition of reliable XANES spectra in two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. In recent pilot studies discussed in this paper, heavy-metal uptake by plant rootsin vivoand iron's phase distribution in the lithium–iron–phosphate cathode of a lithium-ion battery have been imaged. Also, the spatial resolution of computed tomography has been improved from 70 nm to 55 nm by means of run-out correction and application of a reconstruction algorithm.

Adrenaline Increases Carotid Body CO2 Sensitivity: An in vivo Study

2006 ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER D. MASKELL ◽  
CHRIS J. RUSIUS ◽  
KEVIN J. WHITEHEAD ◽  
PREM KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Co2 Sensitivity

CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES OF A HIGH-FREQUENCY MUSCLE FROM A CRUSTACEAN - ACTIVATION PATTERNS IN VIVO

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
R Josephson ◽  
D Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Interspike Interval ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
Animal Size

1. The flagella of crustaceans are small appendages, borne on the maxillipeds, which beat repetitively when active. Flagellar movement is brought about by contraction of a single muscle, the flagellum abductor (FA). 2. The stroke frequency of the flagella of the green crab, Carcinus maenas, was about 11 Hz at 15 °C and was relatively independent of animal size [frequency is proportional to (animal mass)-0.07], even though scaling considerations suggest that, for constant muscle stress, frequency should be proportional to mass-0.33. The coefficient of variation for intervals between successive strokes of a flagellum was about 4 %. 3. The FA is innervated by two excitatory motoneurones. Each of the neurones fired 0­5 times during a stroke. The interspike interval when a neurone fired more than once during a stroke was 3­4 ms.

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