Examination of data normalization procedures for expressing peak VO2 data

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2288-2292 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Toth ◽  
M. I. Goran ◽  
P. A. Ades ◽  
D. B. Howard ◽  
E. T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Modeling ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spurious Results

Peak O2 uptake (VO2) has traditionally been compared among individuals differing in body composition by dividing measured values (1/min) by fat-free mass (FFM) (i.e., ratio method). However, the ability of the ratio method to mathematically remove the confounding influence of FFM from peak VO2 has recently been questioned. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of the ratio method vs. regression modeling to normalize peak VO2 in a large cohort of males and females for differences in FFM. Regression modeling adjusts peak VO2 according to the relationship derived from the regression of peak VO2 on FFM. Results showed that peak VO2 was 60% higher in males (3.53 +/- 1.01/min) than in females (2.22 +/- 0.6 l/min; P < 0.01). With the ratio method (i.e., peak VO2/FFM), peak VO2 was 15% higher in males (54.6 +/- 12 ml.kg FFM-1.min-1) than in females (47.4 +/- 11 ml.kg FFM-1.min-1; P < 0.01). In contrast, when a regression-based approach was employed to normalize values, no significant difference in adjusted peak VO2 was observed between males and females (3.04 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.01 +/- 1.0 l/min). In conclusion, dividing peak VO2 by FFM can produce spurious results, because this approach does not take into account the nonzero intercept. Therefore, a regression-based approach should be used to normalize peak VO2.

scholarly journals Student Perceived and Determined Knowledge of Biology Concepts in an Upper-Level Biology Course

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Ziegler ◽  
Lisa Montplaisir
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The Relationship

Students who lack metacognitive skills can struggle with the learning process. To be effective learners, students should recognize what they know and what they do not know. This study examines the relationship between students’ perception of their knowledge and determined knowledge in an upper-level biology course utilizing a pre/posttest approach. Significant differences in students’ perception of their knowledge and their determined knowledge exist at the beginning (pretest) and end (posttest) of the course. Alignment between student perception and determined knowledge was significantly more accurate on the posttest compared with the pretest. Students whose determined knowledge was in the upper quartile had significantly better alignment between their perception and determined knowledge on the pre- and posttest than students in the lower quartile. No difference exists between how students perceived their knowledge between upper- and lower-quartile students. There was a significant difference in alignment of perception and determined knowledge between males and females on the posttest, with females being more accurate in their perception of knowledge. This study provides evidence of discrepancies that exist between what students perceive they know and what they actually know.

scholarly journals A Sense of Harassment and its Relationship to the Level of Professional Educational Adjustment among a Sample of Employees in the Directorate of Education in Damascus

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Raghdaa A. Naiseh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Government Education ◽  
Institutional Sector ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship

The study aimed to identify the level of a sense of harassment among a sample of workers and institutional sector of government education. It defines the professional level of compatibility among a sample of workers in farming Damascus Directorate. And the study of the relationship between the sense of harassment and professional compatibility among a sample of workers in farming Damascus Directorate. And to identify the level of significance of differences in the answers to the study sample the sense of harassment and scale professional compatibility scale according to the variables of the study: (sex, and marital status), and has been relying on the descriptive and analytical approach, and used two tools of the study: a sense of harassment measure, and the measure of professional compatibility, and amounted to a sample study (144) factor and running in working in the farming Damascus Directorate. Among the most important findings of the study were: The level of the sense of harassment among workers in the Directorate of Education in Damascus was moderate; the professional level of compatibility among workers in the Directorate of Education in Damascus was moderate; a statistically significant negative correlation between the sense of harassment and the professional compatibility; the presence of statistically significant difference between males and females on the sense of harassment and in favor of male workers; a statistically significant difference between the average of married and non-married on harassment and in favor of non-married employees; a statistically significant difference between the average of males and females on the compatibility and in favor of female workers. There was no statistically significant difference between the average married and non-married on the compatibility scal

scholarly journals Identifying the tooth shade in group of patients using Vita Easyshade

2015 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habab Osman Elamin ◽  
Neamat Hassan Abubakr ◽  
Yahia Eltayib Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Ethnic Background ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present investigation is to identify tooth shade among a group of Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: Total number of patients was 227. Participant's age ranged from 15 to 72 years, which, was divided into four groups. The tooth included in the study was either right or left sounds maxillary central incisor. Vita Easyshade was used to select the tooth shade. Investigation of the differences of Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIELab) coordinates among gender and state of origin was conducted together with an examination of the relationship between CIELab coordinates and age. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the differences in L*, a* and b* according to state of origin. Results: Results showed that A3 was the most common classical tooth shade respectively. There was highly significant difference in L* between males and females (P = 0.002). There was a significant relation between tooth shade and age (P = 0.026). There was a high significant association between classical tooth shade and Sudan regions (P = 0.00). Conclusion: In conclusion, most common classical shade was A3, women's teeth were lighter than men's. There was a relation between ethnic background and tooth shade.

scholarly journals The relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism, serum ACE activity and bone mineral density (BMD) in older Chinese

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 147032031668834
Author(s):  
Ya-feng Zhang ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Qiong Cheng ◽  
Ling Qin ◽  
Nelson LS Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Femur Neck ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ace Activity ◽  
Older Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: In this study, we set out to investigate the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and bone mineral density (BMD) in older Chinese. Methods: A standardized, structured, face-to-face interview was performed to collect demographic information. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). I/D genotypes of ACE were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Serum ACE activity was determined photometrically by a commercially available kinetic kit. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and BMD. Results: A total of 1567 males and 1760 females were selected for analyzing the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and BMD. There was no significant difference in spine BMD, total hip BMD and femur neck BMD among different ACE I/D genotypes both in males and females. A total of 1699 males and 1739 females were selected for analyzing the relationship between serum ACE activity and BMD. There was also no significant difference in spine BMD, total hip BMD and femur neck BMD among different serum ACE activity groups both in males and females. Conclusion: There was no relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism, serum ACE activity and BMD in older Chinese.

THE IMPACT OF ANXIETY AND GENDER ON PERCEIVING THE MUELLER-LYER ILLUSION

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khader A. Baroun ◽  
Bader M. Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between anxiety, gender and the Mueller-Lyer illusion perception among a sample of 242 undergraduate students (66 males and 176 females), of Kuwait University, Kuwait, to the Mueller-Lyer and Horizontal-Vertical illusion forms. The subjects were divided into 3 groups (high, middle and low anxiety) in accordance with their anxiety scale scores. Although the overall analysis showed no significant difference between males and females with respect to most variables, a significant difference in anxiety was observed where females scored higher than males. The results also showed that gender had no significant correlation to the Mueller-Lyer perception and Horizontal-Vertical illusion. In addition, no significant difference was found as regards the anxiety and gender relationship to degree of illusion. However, the data did show some significant difference in relationship between anxiety and the perception of illusion, with males exhibiting higher scores for anxiety tending to have higher illusion error scores than males with low anxiety scores. Females with higher anxiety scores also were found to have higher illusion error scores than females with low anxiety scores.

scholarly journals Association of Healthy Diet with Recovery Time from COVID-19: Results from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8248
Author(s):  
Faisal F. Alamri ◽  
Aslam Khan ◽  
Abdulaziz O. Alshehri ◽  
Ahmed Assiri ◽  
Shahd I. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The world is still in need of an effective therapy to treat coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This cross-sectional study was conducted on COVID-19 survivors in Saudi Arabia to investigate the influence of a healthy diet on the recovery time from COVID-19. A questionnaire was developed to assess participants’ dietary habits, based on the 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. A total of 738 COVID-19 survivors participated in the study, of whom 237 (32.1%) were hospitalized for COVID-19 treatment while 501 (76.9%) were not hospitalized, and 320 (43.4%) were females and 418 (56.6%) were males. Overall, no significant difference was noted in healthy diet score between males and females; however, this score was significantly lower for Saudis compared to non-Saudis. Among the non-hospitalized patients, eating a more healthy diet was associated with a shorter duration of recovery (p < 0.05) and was significantly affected by gender (15.8 ± 9.3 male vs. 12.1 ± 8.9 female; p < 0.001) and marital status (12.1 ± 8.4 singles vs. 13.7 ± 9.3 married vs. 16.1 ± 11.8 divorced; p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant correlation was found with age or BMI. In this study, a more healthy diet was associated with a shorter duration of recovery from COVID-19. However, further studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the relationship between diet and recovery time from COVID-19.

scholarly journals Indicators of Absolute and Relative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass during Adulthood and Ageing

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milivoj Dopsaj ◽  
Filip Kukić ◽  
Marina Đorđević-Nikić ◽  
Nenad Koropanovski ◽  
Dragan Radovanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in both sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representative indicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀ = 3370 and ♂ = 5363), allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9 years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percent of SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- and within-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship between age and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loaded highest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of association between the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted as the most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic and sinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM being sex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes.

Suicide Ideation in Adolescent South Africans: The Role of Gender and Coping Strategies

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue-Ann Meehan ◽  
Almarie Peirson ◽  
Peter Fridjhon
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
South African ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Positive Outlook ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship

With an increasing number of studies showing a rise in adolescent suicidal behaviour and a wealth of literature concerning adolescent coping strategies, this study examined both these issues within a South African context. The interplay between social, political, and economic factors in South Africa, with its history of apartheid, must impact upon the lives of adolescents living in this country and play a role in stress, depression, and feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and possible suicidal ideation. The objectives of the study were to determine the coping strategies exhibited by a South African sample of adolescents, the relationship between these coping strategies and suicidal ideation, and to investigate whether gender had any influence on this relationship. This study therefore aimed to get a better understanding of the relationship between the variables: suicidal ideation, coping strategy, and gender. Such research is important in learning to understand how adolescents cope, in order for caregivers and professionals in the field to be able to identify potential suicide ideators through their behaviours and coping strategies. A sample of 161 adolescents in grade eleven completed a demographic questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Scale (PANSI), and The Coping Across Situations Questionnaire (CASQ). The findings indicated the majority of the sample (51 %) had a positive outlook on life, feeling optimistic about the future most or a good part of the time. Further results showed that males and females followed the same pattern of coping by scoring highest on the functional coping strategies and lowest on the dysfunctional one. There was a significant difference between males and females on each coping strategy, with females scoring higher than males in each case. Correlation studies indicated a positive significant relationship between active coping (functional coping strategy) and positive suicidal ideation scores (positive outlook on life) and between withdrawal (dysfunctional coping strategy) and negative suicidal ideation scores (negative outlook on life). Results for each gender differed, with the female sub-sample revealing significant correlations between functional coping strategies and positive suicidal ideation scores, while the only significant correlation found within the male sub-sample was between the dysfunctional coping strategy and negative suicidal ideation scores.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Proximal Articular Set Angle and Hallux Abducto Valgus

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Ferrari ◽  
James Malone-Lee
Keyword(s):  
Metatarsal Head ◽  
Valgus Deformity ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lateral Tilt ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

A study of radiographs from 50 males and 50 females was undertaken to determine whether a relationship existed between the proximal articular set angle and the hallux abductus angle. Gender differences in the relationship were also investigated. The normal range for the proximal articular set angle was –2.6° to 8.6°, with a mean of 5°. There was no significant difference in the mean values between males and females. A positive linear correlation between the proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was found (R2 = 0.52), suggesting that an increased lateral tilt of the metatarsal head is one of the factors that lead to hallux abducto valgus deformity. The relationship between proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was similar in males and females and did not account for the increased hallux deformity seen in females. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 331-335, 2002)

scholarly journals Predicting longevity from the line of life: is it accurate?

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Teghan Lucas ◽  
Amrita Dhugga ◽  
Maciej Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hand Length ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract Palmistry or Chiromancy is the art of reading lines on the palm of the hands. Today, many researchers believe that the lines on the palms of the hands can predict the individual’s future. Computer programs are being designed which can automatically read the lines on the palm of the hand. One popular theory is that the length of the line of life will indicate lifespan. This theory was investigated in 1974 by Wilson and Mather who found no significant correlation between life expectancy and the length of the line of life. In 1990 Newrick and colleagues found a significant correlation as measured on 100 cadavers. These conflicting investigations are the only existing studies which have explored the relationship between palmistry and longevity. Since then no other study has validated nor disproven these claims. A total of 60 cadavers donated to The University of Adelaide were used in this study. Total hand length and the line of life length were measured on all cadavers. The age at and cause of death were also recorded. Linear regressions were used to establish any correlations between longevity and the length of the line of life. No significant correlations were found. There was also no significant difference between males and females or the right or left hands. As no significant correlations were found between longevity and the line of life all efforts at producing more reliable and automatic ways to read the lines are futile. This study puts to rest any debate surrounding the use of the line of life in palmistry as introduced by Newrick and colleagues.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document