Cutaneous Receptive Field Organization in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in the Common Marmoset

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1865-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wilson ◽  
P. D. Kitchener ◽  
P. J. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Common ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

The organization of cutaneous receptive fields in the ventroposterior (VP) thalamus of the common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) was determined from single-unit recordings, and these data were correlated with the cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry of the thalamus in the same animals. Under continuously maintained ketamine anesthesia, the receptive fields of a total of 192 single units were recorded from the right VP thalamus using 2 MΩ glass microelectrodes. After the receptive fields were mapped, the brains were reacted for CO histochemistry on 50-μm coronal frozen sections through the entire VP thalamus. The majority of units were localized to the CO-reactive regions that define the medial and lateral divisions of VP (VPm and VPl). Apart from the expected finding of the face being represented in VPm and the body in VPl, reconstructing the electrode tracks and unit locations in the histological sections revealed a general association between discrete regions of CO reactivity and the representation of specific body regions. Some low-threshold cutaneous units were apparently localized to VPi (the CO weak regions dorsal, ventral, and interdigitating with, the CO regions of VP). These VPi units were clearly part of the same representational map as the VPl and VPm units. We conclude that the low-threshold cutaneous receptive fields of the marmoset are organized in a single continuous representation of the contralateral body surface, and that this representation can most simply be interpreted as being folded or crumpled into the three-dimensional space of VP thalamus. The folded nature of the body map in VP may be related to the folded nature of VP as revealed by CO histochemistry.

scholarly journals Establishment of a diabetes mellitus type 1 model in the common marmoset

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenji Yuan ◽  
Satsuki Fukuda ◽  
Takashi Inoue ◽  
Hitoshi Okochi ◽  
Erika Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Partial Pancreatectomy ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Diabetes Model ◽  
The Common

Abstract Common marmosets have attracted considerable attention as a small standard primate model in biomedical research. However, no marmoset diabetes model is available. Here, we established a marmoset diabetes model via the combination of partial pancreatectomy and intravenous streptozotocin (STZ). A partial pancreatectomy was performed in 11 common marmosets and multiple STZ doses were intravenously administered. Diabetes was diagnosed upon sustained hyperglycaemia (nonfasting blood glucose level >200 mg/dl). Blood glucose and biochemistry were periodically assessed, in addition to glucose tolerance testing, continual blood glucose determination using a continuous glucose monitoring system, urine testing and histological evaluation. In 8 of the 11 animals (73%), diabetes mellitus was induced. The diabetic marmosets also showed abnormal intravenous and oral glucose tolerance test results. Blood glucose levels decreased in response to human insulin administration. The hyperglycaemic state was irreversible and persisted for more than 3 months, and the animals’ condition was manageable via daily insulin administration. Thus, diabetes can be successfully induced and maintained in the common marmoset via partial pancreatectomy and STZ administration. This protocol effectively generates a valuable animal model for studying disease pathogenesis, risk factors and therapeutic interventions, including islet transplantation.

scholarly journals Expression of taste signal transduction molecules in the caecum of common marmosets

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae Gonda ◽  
Shuichi Matsumura ◽  
Shoichiro Saito ◽  
Yasuhiro Go ◽  
Hiroo Imai
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
The Common ◽  
Signal Transduction Proteins ◽  
First Time ◽  
Human Primate

The extraoral presence of taste signal transduction proteins has recently been reported in rodents and humans. Here, we report for the first time the presence of these signal transduction proteins in the caecum of a non-human primate, the common marmoset. Quantitative RT-PCR data on the gene expression of taste signal transduction molecules (gustducin and TRPM5) in common marmosets suggested high expression in the caecum, which was not observed in other non-human primates. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the specific presence of gustducin and taste receptors in marmoset caecal cells. These results may relate to the specific feeding behaviour of marmosets, which consume plant exudates, primarily gums.

Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analysis of quadrupedal walking in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus )

2017 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikaru Shimada ◽  
Ryogo Kanai ◽  
Takahiro Kondo ◽  
Kimika Yoshino-Saito ◽  
Akito Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Quadrupedal Walking

Analysis on Structure and Morphological of Carton Packaging

2013 ◽  
Vol 442 ◽  
pp. 338-341
Author(s):  
A Qiang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Space Form ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Paper Study ◽  
Structural Morphology ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The package structure is a three-dimensional space form, so people know the products are in used in the packaging. In packaging materials for paper use is very extensive, paper products are easy to shape the body shape for easy printing and recyclable advantage. This paper study design of the paper packaging structural, combining paper packaging structural design applications to explore the paper packaging structural morphology and environmentalist design consciousness.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Partial-Porous Circular Cylinders with Water Waves

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Su Park ◽  
Weoncheol Koo
Keyword(s):  
Water Waves ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circular Cylinders ◽  
Exterior Region ◽  
Eigenfunction Expansion Method ◽  
Body Regions

The interaction of water waves with partially porous-surfaced circular cylinders was investigated. A three-dimensional numerical modeling was developed based on the complete mathematical formulation of the eigenfunction expansion method in the potential flow. Darcy’s law was applied to describe the porous boundary. The partial-porous cylinder is composed of a porous-surfaced body near the free surface, and an impermeable-surfaced body with an end-capped rigid bottom below the porous region. The optimal ratio of the porous portion to the impermeable portion can be adopted to design an effective ocean structure with minimal hydrodynamic impact. To scrutinize the hydrodynamic interactions inNpartial-porous circular cylinders, the computational fluid domain is divided into three regions: an exterior region,Ninner porous body regions, andNregions beneath the body. Wave excitation forces and wave run-up on multibodied partial-porous cylinders are calculated and compared for various porous-portion ratios and wave conditions, all of which significantly influence the hydrodynamic property.

scholarly journals A Novel Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Model of Human Inhalational Q Fever

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Nelson ◽  
Francisco J. Salguero ◽  
Laura Hunter ◽  
Timothy P. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dose Dependent

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were shown to be susceptible to inhalational infection with Coxiella burnetii, in a dose-dependent manner, producing a disease similar to human Q fever, characterized by a resolving febrile response. Illness was also associated with weight loss, liver enzyme dysfunction, characteristic cellular activation, circulating INF-γ and bacteraemia. Viable C. burnetii was recovered from various tissues during disease and from 75% of the animal’s lungs on 28 days post challenge, when there were no overt clinical features of disease but there was histological evidence of macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration into the lung resulting in granulomatous alveolitis. Taken together, these features of disease progression, physiology and bacterial spread appear to be consistent with human disease and therefore the common marmoset can be considered as a suitable model for studies on the pathogenesis or the development of medical counter measures of inhalational Q fever.

Responses of pigeon vestibulocerebellar neurons to optokinetic stimulation. II. The 3-dimensional reference frame of rotation neurons in the flocculus

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2647-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Wylie ◽  
B. J. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Monocular Stimulation ◽  
Contralateral Eye ◽  
Ipsilateral Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The complex spike activity of Purkinje cells in the flocculus in response to rotational flowfields was recorded extracellularly in anesthetized pigeons. 2. The optokinetic stimulus was produced by a rotating “planetarium projector.” A light source was placed in the center of a tin cylinder, which was pierced with numerous small holes. A pen motor oscillated the cylinder about its long axis. This apparatus was placed above the bird's head and the resultant rotational flow-field was projected onto screens that surrounded the bird on all four sides. The axis of rotation of the planetarium could be oriented to any position in three-dimensional space. 3. Two types of responses were found: vertical axis (VA; n = 43) neurons responded best to visual rotation about the vertical axis, and H-135i neurons (n = 34) responded best to rotation about a horizontal axis. The preferred orientation of the horizontal axis was at approximately 135 degrees ipsilateral azimuth. VA neurons were excited by rotation about the vertical axis producing forward (temporal to nasal) and backward motion in the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes, respectively, and were inhibited by rotation in the opposite direction. H-135i neurons in the left flocculus were excited by counterclockwise rotation about the 135 degrees ipsilateral horizontal axis and were inhibited by clockwise motion. Thus, the VA and H-135i neurons, respectively, encode visual flowfields resulting from head rotations stimulating the ipsilateral horizontal and ipsilateral anterior semicircular canals. 4. Sixty-seven percent of VA and 80% of H-135i neurons had binocular receptive fields, although for most binocular cells the ipsilateral eye was dominant. Binocular stimulation resulted in a greater depth of modulation than did monocular stimulation of the dominant eye for 69% of the cells. 5. Monocular stimulation of the VA neurons revealed that the best axis for the contralateral eye was tilted back 11 degrees, on average, to the best axis for ipsilateral stimulation. For the H-135i neurons, the best axes for monocular stimulation of the two eyes were approximately the same. 6. By stimulating circumscribed portions of the monocular receptive fields of the H-135i neurons with alternating upward and downward largefield motion, it was revealed that the contralateral receptive fields were bipartite. Upward motion was preferred in the anterior 45 degrees of the contralateral field, and downward motion, was preferred in the central 90 degrees of the contralateral visual field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Neonatal Whisker Removal Reduces the Discrimination of Tactile Stimuli by Thalamic Ensembles in Adult Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1691-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. L. Nicolelis ◽  
Rick C. S. Lin ◽  
John K. Chapin
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
The Body ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus ◽  
Receptive Field Organization ◽  
Stimulus Offset

Nicolelis, Miguel A. L., Rick C. S. Lin, and John K. Chapin. Neonatal whisker removal reduces the discrimination of tactile stimuli by thalamic ensembles in adult rats. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1691–1706, 1997. Simultaneous recordings of up to 48 single neurons per animal were used to characterize the long-term functional effects of sensory plastic modifications in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus following unilateral removal of facial whiskers in newborn rats. One year after this neonatal whisker deprivation, neurons in the contralateral VPM responded to cutaneous stimulation of the face at much longer minimal latencies (15.2 ± 8.2 ms, mean ± SD) than did normal cells (8.8 ± 5.3 ms) in the same subregion of the VPM. In 69% of these neurons, the initial sensory responses to stimulus offset were followed for up to 700 ms by reverberant trains of bursting discharge, alternating in 100-ms cycles with inhibition. Receptive fields in the deafferented VPM were also atypical in that they extended over the entire face, shoulder, forepaw, hindpaw, and even ipsilateral whiskers. Discriminant analysis (DA) was then used to statistically evaluate how this abnormal receptive field organization might affect the ability of thalamocortical neuronal populations to “discriminate” somatosensory stimulus location. To standardize this analysis, three stimulus targets (“groups”) were chosen in all animals such that they triangulated the central region of the “receptive field” of the recorded multineuronal ensemble. In the normal animals these stimulus targets were whiskers or perioral hairs; in the deprived animals the targets typically included hairy skin of the body as well as face. The measured variables consisted of each neuron's spiking response to each stimulus differentiated into three poststimulus response epochs (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 ms). DA quantified the statistical contribution of each of these variables to its overall discrimination between the three stimulus sites. In the normal animals, the stimulus locations were correctly classified in 88.2 ± 3.7% of trials on the basis of the spatiotemporal patterns of ensemble activity derived from up to 18 single neurons. In the deprived animals, the stimulus locations were much less consistently discriminated (reduced to 73.5 ± 12.6%; difference from controls significant at P < 0.01) despite the fact that much more widely spaced stimulus targets were used and even when up to 20 neurons were included in the ensemble. Overall, these results suggest that neonatal damage to peripheral sense organs may produce marked changes in the physiology of individual neurons in the somatosensory thalamus. Moreover, the present demonstration that these changes can profoundly alter sensory discrimination at the level of neural populations in the thalamus provides important evidence that the well-known perceptual effects of chronic peripheral deprivation may be partially attributable to plastic reorganization at subcortical levels.

Installing Technology of Spherical Welding Lattice Shell in Three-Dimensional Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Xiao Bo Xu ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Hui Ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lattice Shell ◽  
Technical Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Spherical welding lattice shell structures are usually used in stadiums and public buildings. The main difficult problems in construction are positioning of welding members and controlling welding deformations in three-dimensional space. The common positioning methods are poor in operability and accuracy, which cannot meet the demands of precise construction. In this paper, a three-dimensional positioner was developed according to the spherical latitude and longitude lines intersect positioning principle based on the Kitwitt monolayer welding lattice shell in Guangzhou Conghua Liuxi Square project. In addition, the welding deformations were controlled effectively by innovative technical measures. Good efficiency has been achieved in engineering practice with this technology and the installation is of high quality.

Flight performance and visual control of flight of the free-flying housefly ( Musca domestica L.) I. Organization of the flight motor

1986 ◽  
Vol 312 (1158) ◽  
pp. 527-551 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Torque Vector ◽  
Translation Velocity ◽  
Flight Motor

Free-flying houseflies have been filmed simultaneously from two sides. The orientation of the flies’ body axes in three-dimensional space can be seen on the films. A method is presented for the reconstruction of the flies’ movements in a fly-centred coordinate system, relative to an external coordinate system and relative to the airstream. The flies are regarded as three-dimensionally rigid bodies. They move with respect to the six degrees of freedom they thus possess. The analysis of the organization of the flight motor from the kinematic data leads to the following conclusions: the sideways movements can, at least qualitatively, be explained by taking into account the sideways forces resulting from rolling the body about the long axis and the influence of inertia. Thus, the force vector generated by the flight motor is most probably located in the fly’s midsagittal plane. The direction of this vector can be varied by the fly in a restricted range only. In contrast, the direction of the torque vector can be freely adjusted by the fly. No coupling between the motor force and the torques is indicated. Changes of flight direction may be explained by changes in the orientation of the body axes: straight flight at an angle of sideslip differing from zero is due to rolling. Sideways motion during the banked turns as well as the decrease of translation velocity observed in curves are a consequence of the inertial forces and rolling. The results are discussed with reference to studies about the aerodynamic performance of insects and the constraints for aerial pursuit.

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