scholarly journals Regulatory T Cells and the Control of the Allergic Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Agua-Doce ◽  
Luis Graca
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Biological Drugs

The study of immune regulation and tolerance has been traditionally associated with self/nonself-discrimination. However, the finding that dominant tolerance, a model that puts in evidence the active role of regulatory T cells, can develop to nonself-antigens suggests that the imposition of tolerance can be context dependent. This paper reviews the emerging field of acquired immune tolerance to non-self antigens, with an emphasis on the different subsets of induced regulatory T cells that appear to specialize in specific functional niches. Such regulatory mechanisms are important in preventing the onset of allergic diseases in healthy individuals. In addition, it may be possible to take advantage of these immune regulatory mechanisms for the induction of tolerance in cases where pathological immune responses are generated to allergens occurring in nature, but also to other immunogens such as biological drugs developed for medical therapies.

The role of cytokines in immunological tolerance: potential for therapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harber ◽  
Anette Sundstedt ◽  
David Wraith
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Clinical Potential

Current immunosuppression protocols, although often effective, are nonspecific and therefore hazardous. Consequently, immunological tolerance that is antigen specific and does not globally depress the patient's immune system has become one of the Holy Grails of immunology. Since the discovery that cytokines have immunomodulatory effects, extensive research has investigated the potential of these molecules to induce and maintain specific immunological tolerance in the context of transplantation, allergy and autoimmunity. In this article, we review the possible mechanisms by which cytokines can modulate the immune response and the animal models that frequently confound the theory that a single cytokine, or group of cytokines, can induce tolerance in a predictable manner. Finally, we discuss the role of cytokines at a paracrine level, particularly in the context of inducing and maintaining antigen-specific, regulatory T cells with the clinical potential to suppress specific immune responses.

Regulatory T Cells in Hepatic Immune Tolerance and Autoimmune Liver Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Herkel
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Liver Diseases ◽  
Specific Control

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a profound ability to control immune responses. A majority of Tregs are derived from the thymus; yet a substantial Treg fraction is derived from the periphery. The liver seems to be an important source of peripherally derived Tregs. Indeed, the liver's well-known ability to induce immune tolerance is at least partly based on hepatic Treg generation. With recently developed tools to deliver antigens to tolerance-inducing liver cells, it is now possible to harness liver-derived Tregs for specific control of unwanted immune responses. Indeed, the selective delivery of autoantigens to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells could induce autoantigen-specific Tregs in vivo, providing effective treatment of autoimmune disease. Owing to the fundamental role Tregs play in controlling immune responses, an impairment of Tregs seems to be a plausible explanation for the development of autoimmune diseases, for example, in the liver. However, the actual role of Treg impairment in autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), remains controversial. Major obstacles for clarifying the role of Tregs in autoimmune liver diseases are related to the difficulty to identify human Tregs unambiguously and to the difficulty to identify those Tregs and effector T cells that specifically recognize disease-driving autoantigens. However, even if AIH turned out to be a disease that is not driven by Treg impairment, Treg-based therapies for autoimmune liver diseases might still be effective, provided the Tregs for therapeutic use recognize the relevant antigens.

scholarly journals Regulatory T cells and immune regulation of allergic diseases: roles of IL-10 and TGF-β

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Palomares ◽  
M Martín-Fontecha ◽  
R Lauener ◽  
C Traidl-Hoffmann ◽  
O Cavkaytar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Allergic Diseases

scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5907
Author(s):  
Toru Tanaka ◽  
Naoto Sasaki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Rikitake
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Recent Advances

Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.

Role of Regulatory T Cells in Infection and Vaccination During Early Infancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (30) ◽  
pp. 3495-3505
Author(s):  
Samanta C. Funes ◽  
Miguel A. Mansilla ◽  
Gisela Canedo-Marroquín ◽  
Margarita K. Lay ◽  
Claudia A. Riedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Health Goals ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Neonates And Infants

Reducing infant mortality due to infectious diseases is one of the most important public health goals worldwide. Several approaches have been implemented to reach this goal and vaccination has been an effective strategy for reducing infant and newborn mortality. However, the immunological features of neonates and infants represent a significant barrier to the effectiveness of vaccination. Since regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are known to play an active role in contributing to various mechanisms of suppression of the immune cell function. It has been proposed that these immune cells could decrease the immunogenicity of vaccines administered in newborns and infants. In this article, we discuss the various types of Treg cells, along with their suppressing and inhibitory mechanisms, which are used by these cells in the context of infectious and immunization processes in newborns and infants.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Nannan Li ◽  
Guijian Liu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Different Cell Types

MicroRNAs are a class of conserved, 20 nt-23 nt long, noncoding small RNAs that inhibit expression of their respective target genes in different cell types. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that negatively regulate immune responses, which is essential to immune homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs play an important role in the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of Treg. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the roles of microRNAs in Treg and their dysregulation in immune-related diseases. This ongoing research continues to expand the understanding of Treg regulation and the mechanisms of immune disorders.

scholarly journals Endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: The Enigma to code messages for generation of functionally active regulatory T cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Aleahmad ◽  
Mahmood Bozorgmehr ◽  
Shohreh Nikoo ◽  
Alireza Ghanavatinejad ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Shokri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in fine-tuning of immune responses and are pivotal for a successful pregnancy. Recently, the importance of mesenchymal stem cells in regulation of immune responses in general and Tregs in particular has been highlighted. Here, we hypothesized that menstrual stromal/stem cells (MenSCs) contribute to uterine immune system regulation through induction of functionally active Tregs. Methods MenSCs were collected from 18 apparently healthy women and characterized. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) served as a control. The effect of MenSCs on proliferation of anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated T CD4 + cells and generation of Tregs with or without pre-treatment with mitomycin C, IFN-γ and IL-1β was evaluated by flow cytometry. The potential role of IDO, PGE2, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β on proliferation of T CD4 + cells and generation of Tregs was assessed using blocking antibodies or agents. IDO activity was evaluated in MenSCs and BMSCs culture supernatants by a colorimetric assay. IL-10 and IFN-γ production in MenSCs-primed T CD4 + was measured using intracellular staining. To investigate the functional properties of Tregs induced by MenSCs, Treg cells were isolated and their functional property to inhibit proliferation of anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs was assessed by flow cytometry. Results According to the results, proliferation of T CD4 + lymphocytes was enhanced in the presence of MenSCs, while pre-treatment of MenSCs with pro-inflammatory cytokines reversed this effect. PGE2 and IDO were the major players in MenSCs-induced T cell proliferation. Non-treated MenSCs decreased the frequency of Tregs, whereas after pre-treatment with IFN-γ and IL-1β, they induced functional Tregs with ability to inhibit the proliferation of anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs. This effect was mediated through IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β and IDO. IFN-γ/IL-1β-treated MenSCs induced IL-10 and IFN-γ production in CD4 + T cells. Conclusion Collectively, these findings indicate that immunomodulatory impact of menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) on generation of Tregs and inhibition of T cells proliferation is largely dependent on pre-treatment with IFN-γ and IL-1β. This is the first report on immunomodulatory impact of MenSCs on Tregs and highlights the pivotal role of endometrial stem cells in regulation of local endometrial immune responses.

scholarly journals Helminth parasites and immune regulation

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H. Gazzinelli-Guimaraes ◽  
Thomas B. Nutman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Helminth Parasites

Helminth parasites are complex metazoans that belong to different taxonomic families but that collectively share the capacity to downregulate the host immune response directed toward themselves (parasite-specific immunoregulation). During long-standing chronic infection, these helminths appear able to suppress immune responses to bystander pathogens/antigens and atopic, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. Helminth-induced immunoregulation occurs through the induction of regulatory T cells or Th2-type cells (or both). However, secreted or excreted parasite metabolites, proteins, or extracellular vesicles (or a combination of these) may also directly induce signaling pathways in host cells. Therefore, the focus of this review will be to highlight recent advances in understanding the immune responses to helminth infection, emphasizing the strategies/molecules and some of the mechanisms used by helminth parasites to modulate the immune response of their hosts.

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