scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5907
Author(s):  
Toru Tanaka ◽  
Naoto Sasaki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Rikitake
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Recent Advances

Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.

The role of cytokines in immunological tolerance: potential for therapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harber ◽  
Anette Sundstedt ◽  
David Wraith
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Clinical Potential

Current immunosuppression protocols, although often effective, are nonspecific and therefore hazardous. Consequently, immunological tolerance that is antigen specific and does not globally depress the patient's immune system has become one of the Holy Grails of immunology. Since the discovery that cytokines have immunomodulatory effects, extensive research has investigated the potential of these molecules to induce and maintain specific immunological tolerance in the context of transplantation, allergy and autoimmunity. In this article, we review the possible mechanisms by which cytokines can modulate the immune response and the animal models that frequently confound the theory that a single cytokine, or group of cytokines, can induce tolerance in a predictable manner. Finally, we discuss the role of cytokines at a paracrine level, particularly in the context of inducing and maintaining antigen-specific, regulatory T cells with the clinical potential to suppress specific immune responses.

Regulatory T Cells in Hepatic Immune Tolerance and Autoimmune Liver Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Herkel
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Liver Diseases ◽  
Specific Control

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a profound ability to control immune responses. A majority of Tregs are derived from the thymus; yet a substantial Treg fraction is derived from the periphery. The liver seems to be an important source of peripherally derived Tregs. Indeed, the liver's well-known ability to induce immune tolerance is at least partly based on hepatic Treg generation. With recently developed tools to deliver antigens to tolerance-inducing liver cells, it is now possible to harness liver-derived Tregs for specific control of unwanted immune responses. Indeed, the selective delivery of autoantigens to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells could induce autoantigen-specific Tregs in vivo, providing effective treatment of autoimmune disease. Owing to the fundamental role Tregs play in controlling immune responses, an impairment of Tregs seems to be a plausible explanation for the development of autoimmune diseases, for example, in the liver. However, the actual role of Treg impairment in autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), remains controversial. Major obstacles for clarifying the role of Tregs in autoimmune liver diseases are related to the difficulty to identify human Tregs unambiguously and to the difficulty to identify those Tregs and effector T cells that specifically recognize disease-driving autoantigens. However, even if AIH turned out to be a disease that is not driven by Treg impairment, Treg-based therapies for autoimmune liver diseases might still be effective, provided the Tregs for therapeutic use recognize the relevant antigens.

scholarly journals Role of CD8 Regulatory T Cells versus Tc1 and Tc17 Cells in the Development of Human Graft-versus-Host Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya ◽  
Rubén López-Santiago ◽  
Jorge Vela-Ojeda ◽  
Laura Montiel-Cervantes ◽  
Octavio Rodríguez-Cortés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Tc17 Cells

CD8+ T cells that secrete proinflammatory cytokines play a central role in exacerbation of inflammation; however, a new subpopulation of CD8 regulatory T cells has recently been characterized. This study analyzes the prominent role of these different subpopulations in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Samples from 8 healthy donors mobilized with Filgrastim® (G-CSF) and 18 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were evaluated by flow cytometry. Mobilization induced an increase in Tc1 (p<0.01), Th1 (p<0.001), Tc17 (p<0.05), and CD8+IL-10+ cells (p<0.05), showing that G-CSF induces both pro- and anti-inflammatory profiles. Donor-patient correlation revealed a trend (p=0.06) toward the development of GVHD in patients who receive a high percentage of Tc1 cells. Patients with acute GVHD (aGVHD), either active or controlled, and patients without GVHD were evaluated; patients with active aGVHD had a higher percentage of Tc1 (p<0.01) and Tc17 (p<0.05) cells, as opposed to patients without GVHD in whom a higher percentage of CD8 Treg cells (p<0.01) was found. These findings indicate that the increase in Tc1 and Tc17 cells is associated with GVHD development, while regulatory CD8 T cells might have a protective role in this disease. These tests can be used to monitor and control GVHD.

scholarly journals Regulatory T Cells and the Control of the Allergic Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Agua-Doce ◽  
Luis Graca
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Biological Drugs

The study of immune regulation and tolerance has been traditionally associated with self/nonself-discrimination. However, the finding that dominant tolerance, a model that puts in evidence the active role of regulatory T cells, can develop to nonself-antigens suggests that the imposition of tolerance can be context dependent. This paper reviews the emerging field of acquired immune tolerance to non-self antigens, with an emphasis on the different subsets of induced regulatory T cells that appear to specialize in specific functional niches. Such regulatory mechanisms are important in preventing the onset of allergic diseases in healthy individuals. In addition, it may be possible to take advantage of these immune regulatory mechanisms for the induction of tolerance in cases where pathological immune responses are generated to allergens occurring in nature, but also to other immunogens such as biological drugs developed for medical therapies.

Mechanisms of self–nonself discrimination and possible clinical relevance

Immunotherapy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-644
Author(s):  
Carolin Daniel ◽  
Jens Nolting ◽  
Harald von Boehmer
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Clinical Protocols

This review discusses different mechanisms that result in immunological tolerance, such as intrathymic deletion of immature T cells, intrathymic and extrathymic generation of regulatory T cells, effector mechanisms of regulatory T cells as well as molecular pathways involved in extrathymic generation of regulatory T cells in vivo and in vitro. These molecular mechanisms should enable investigators to develop clinical protocols aiming at the specific prevention of unwanted immune responses, thereby replacing indiscriminate immunosuppression that often has fatal consequences.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Nannan Li ◽  
Guijian Liu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Different Cell Types

MicroRNAs are a class of conserved, 20 nt-23 nt long, noncoding small RNAs that inhibit expression of their respective target genes in different cell types. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that negatively regulate immune responses, which is essential to immune homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs play an important role in the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of Treg. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the roles of microRNAs in Treg and their dysregulation in immune-related diseases. This ongoing research continues to expand the understanding of Treg regulation and the mechanisms of immune disorders.

Update on the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Myocardial Infarction

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Kaplan ◽  
Raffaele Altara ◽  
Ali Eid ◽  
George W. Booz ◽  
Fouad A. Zouein
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Protective Role

scholarly journals Characterization of the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Experimental Periapical Lesion Development and Their Chemoattraction Manipulation as a Therapeutic Tool

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Favaro Francisconi ◽  
Andreia Espindola Vieira ◽  
Claudia Cristina Biguetti ◽  
Andrew J. Glowacki ◽  
Ana Paula Favaro Trombone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Periapical Lesion ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Lesion Development
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