scholarly journals The Cloninger Type I/Type II Typology: Configurations and Personality Profiles in Socially Stable Alcohol Dependent Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wennberg ◽  
Kristina Berglund ◽  
Ulf Berggren ◽  
Jan Balldin ◽  
Claudia Fahlke
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Alcohol Dependent

Many attempts have been made to derive alcohol use typologies or subtypes of alcohol dependence and this study aimed at validating the type I/type II typology in a treatment sample of socially stable alcohol dependent males and females. A second aim was to compare the two types with respect to their temperament profiles. Data was part of a larger ongoing longitudinal study, the Gothenburg Alcohol Research Project, and included 269 alcohol dependent males and females recruited from three treatment centers. The results showed that type II alcoholism occurred as a more homogenous type than type I alcoholism, and type I alcoholism seemed too heterogeneous to be summarized into one single type. When adapting a strict classification, less than a third of the study population could be classified in accordance with the typology, suggesting that the typology is not applicable, at least in socially stable individuals with alcohol dependence. The results also showed that type II alcoholics showed higher levels of novelty seeking than did the individuals that were classified as type I alcoholics. Quite surprisingly, the individuals classified as type II alcoholics also showed higher levels of harm avoidance than did the individuals that were classified as type I alcoholics.

Split spinal cord malformations in children

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Ersşahin ◽  
Saffet Mutluer ◽  
Sevgül Kocaman ◽  
Eren Demirtasş
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Lesion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors reviewed and analyzed information on 74 patients with split spinal cord malformations (SSCMs) treated between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1996 at their institution with the aim of defining and classifying the malformations according to the method of Pang, et al. Methods. Computerized tomography myelography was superior to other radiological tools in defining the type of SSCM. There were 46 girls (62%) and 28 boys (38%) ranging in age from less than 1 day to 12 years (mean 33.08 months). The mean age (43.2 months) of the patients who exhibited neurological deficits and orthopedic deformities was significantly older than those (8.2 months) without deficits (p = 0.003). Fifty-two patients had a single Type I and 18 patients a single Type II SSCM; four patients had composite SSCMs. Sixty-two patients had at least one associated spinal lesion that could lead to spinal cord tethering. After surgery, the majority of the patients remained stable and clinical improvement was observed in 18 patients. Conclusions. The classification of SSCMs proposed by Pang, et al., will eliminate the current chaos in terminology. In all SSCMs, either a rigid or a fibrous septum was found to transfix the spinal cord. There was at least one unrelated lesion that caused tethering of the spinal cord in 85% of the patients. The risk of neurological deficits resulting from SSCMs increases with the age of the patient; therefore, all patients should be surgically treated when diagnosed, especially before the development of orthopedic and neurological manifestations.

Molecular characterization of an inward rectifier channel (IKir) found in avian vestibular hair cells: cloning and expression of pKir2.1

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manning J. Correia ◽  
Thomas G. Wood ◽  
Deborah Prusak ◽  
Tianxiang Weng ◽  
Katherine J. Rennie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cells ◽  
Cho Cells ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Vestibular Hair Cells ◽  
Inwardly Rectifying

A fast inwardly rectifying current has been observed in some of the sensory cells (hair cells) of the inner ear of several species. While the current was presumed to be an IKir current, contradictory evidence existed as to whether the cloned channel actually belonged to the Kir2.0 subfamily of potassium inward rectifiers. In this paper, we report for the first time converging evidence from electrophysiological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and genetic studies that show that the Kir2.1 channel carries the fast inwardly rectifying currents found in pigeon vestibular hair cells. Following cytoplasm extraction from single type II and multiple pigeon vestibular hair cells, mRNA was reverse transcribed, amplified, and sequenced. The open reading frame (ORF), consisting of a 1,284-bp nucleotide sequence, showed 94, 85, and 83% identity with Kir2.1 subunit sequences from chick lens, Kir2 sequences from human heart, and a mouse macrophage cell line, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that pKir2.1 formed an immediate node with hKir2.1 but not with hKir2.2–2.4. Hair cells (type I and type II) and supporting cells in the sensory epithelium reacted positively with a Kir2.1 antibody. The whole cell current recorded in oocytes and CHO cells, transfected with pigeon hair cell Kir2.1 (pKir2.1), demonstrated blockage by Ba2+ and sensitivity to changing K+ concentration. The mean single-channel linear slope conductance in transfected CHO cells was 29 pS. The open dwell time was long (∼300 ms at −100 mV), and the closed dwell time was short (∼34 ms at −100 mV). Multistates ranging from 3–6 were noted in some single-channel responses. All of the above features have been described for other Kir2.1 channels. Current clamp studies of native pigeon vestibular hair cells illustrated possible physiological roles of the channel and showed that blockage of the channel by Ba2+ depolarized the resting membrane potential by ∼30 mV. Negative currents hyperpolarized the membrane ∼20 mV before block but ∼60 mV following block. RT-PCR studies revealed that the pKir2.1 channels found in pigeon vestibular hair cells were also present in pigeon vestibular nerve, vestibular ganglion, lens, neck muscle, brain (brain stem, cerebellum and optic tectum), liver, and heart.

Coping styles of type I and type II alcohol-dependent men undergoing treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Moussas ◽  
Georgia Dandouti ◽  
Alexander Botsis ◽  
Lefteris Lykouras
Keyword(s):  
Coping Styles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Alcohol Dependent

scholarly journals Characterization of a recombinant type II 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Helicobacter pylori

2005 ◽  
Vol 390 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia J. Webby ◽  
Mark L. Patchett ◽  
Emily J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Recombinant Type ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

DAH7P (3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate) synthase catalyses the condensation reaction between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) as the first committed step in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds in plants and micro-organisms. Previous work has identified two families of DAH7P synthases based on sequence similarity and molecular mass, with the majority of the mechanistic and structural studies being carried out on the type I paralogues from Escherichia coli. Whereas a number of organisms possess genes encoding both type I and type II DAH7P synthases, the pathogen Helicobacter pylori has only a single, type II, enzyme. Recombinant DAH7P synthase from H. pylori was partially solubilized by co-expression with chaperonins GroEL/GroES in E. coli, and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme reaction follows an ordered sequential mechanism with the following kinetic parameters: Km (PEP), 3 μM; Km (E4P), 6 μM; and kcat, 3.3 s−1. The enzyme reaction involves interaction of the si face of PEP with the re face of E4P. H. pylori DAH7P synthase is not inhibited by phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan or chorismate. EDTA inactivates the enzyme, and activity is restored by a range of bivalent metal ions, including (in order of decreasing effectiveness) Co2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Analysis of type II DAH7P synthase sequences reveals several highly conserved motifs, and comparison with the type I enzymes suggests that catalysis by these two enzyme types occurs on a similar active-site scaffold and that the two DAH7P synthase families may indeed be distantly related.

Myoglobin concentration in single type I and type II muscle fibres in man

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jansson ◽  
C. Sylv�n
Keyword(s):  
Single Type ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii

scholarly journals Fiber type- and position-dependent expression of a myosin light chain-CAT transgene detected with a novel histochemical stain for CAT.

1991 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Donoghue ◽  
J D Alvarez ◽  
J P Merlie ◽  
J R Sanes
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Myosin Light Chain ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Light Chain Gene

We recently generated and characterized transgenic mice in which regulatory sequences from a myosin light chain gene (MLC1f/3f) are linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Transgene expression in these mice is specific to skeletal muscle and graded along the rostrocaudal axis: adult muscles derived from successively more caudal somites express successively higher levels of CAT. To investigate the cellular basis of these patterns of expression, we developed and used a histochemical stain that allows detection of CAT in individual cells. Our main results are as follows: (a) Within muscles, CAT is detected only in muscle fibers and not in associated connective tissue, blood vessels, or nerves. Thus, the tissue specificity of transgene expression observed by biochemical assay reflects a cell-type specificity demonstrable histochemically. (b) Within individual muscles, CAT levels vary with fiber type. Like the endogenous MLC1f/3f gene, the transgene is expressed at higher levels in fast-twitch (type II) than in slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers. In addition, CAT levels vary among type II fiber subtypes, in the order IIB greater than IIX greater than IIA. (c) Among muscles that are similar in fiber type composition, the average level of CAT per fiber varies with rostrocaudal position. This position-dependent variation in CAT level is apparent even when fibers of a single type are compared. From these results, we conclude that fiber type and position affect CAT expression independently. We therefore infer the existence of separate fiber type-specific and positionally graded transcriptional regulators that act together to determine levels of transgene expression.

Preweaning Paternal Deprivation Impacts Parental Responses to Pups and Alters the Serum Oxytocin and Corticosterone Levels and Oxytocin Receptor, Vasopressin 1A Receptor, Oestrogen Receptor, Dopamine Type I Receptor, Dopamine Type II Receptor Levels in Relevant Brain Regions in Adult Mandarin Voles

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 292-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yuan ◽  
Laifu Li ◽  
Wenjuan Hou ◽  
Zhixiong He ◽  
Limin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Vasopressin 1A Receptor ◽  
Parental Responses

Although maternal separation and neonatal paternal deprivation (PD) have been found to exert a profound and persistent effects on the physiological and behavioural development of offspring, whether preweaning PD (PPD; from PND 10 to 21) affects maternal and parental responses to pups and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanism are under-investigated. Using monogamous mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus), the present study found that PPD increased the latency to approach a pup-containing ball, decreased the total durations of sniffing and contacting a pup-containing ball and walking and increased the total duration of inactivity in both sexes. Moreover, PPD decreased serum oxytocin levels and increased corticosterone levels, but only in females. Furthermore, in both males and females, PPD decreased the expression of oxytocin receptor mRNA and protein in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but increased it in the medial amygdala (MeA) and decreased the expression of oestrogen receptor mRNA and protein in the MPOA. PPD increased the expression of dopamine type I receptor in the NAcc, but decreased it in the mPFC. PPD decreased dopamine type II receptor (D2R) in the NAcc both in males and females, but increased D2R in the mPFC in females and decreased D2R protein expression in males. Moreover, PPD decreased vasopressin 1A receptor (V1AR) in the MPOA, MeA and mPFC, but only in males. Our results suggest that the reduction of parental responses to pups induced by PPD may be associated with the sex-specific alteration of several neuroendocrine parameters in relevant brain regions.

scholarly journals Adaptor Scaffoldins: An Original Strategy for Extended Designer Cellulosomes, Inspired from Nature

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Stern ◽  
Sarah Moraïs ◽  
Raphael Lamed ◽  
Edward A. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Designer Cellulosome

ABSTRACTDesigner cellulosomes consist of chimeric cohesin-bearing scaffoldins for the controlled incorporation of recombinant dockerin-containing enzymes. The largest designer cellulosome reported to date is a chimeric scaffoldin that contains 6 cohesins. This scaffoldin represented a technical limit of sorts, since adding another cohesin proved problematic, owing to resultant low expression levels, instability (cleavage) of the scaffoldin polypeptide, and limited numbers of available cohesin-dockerin specificities—the hallmark of designer cellulosomes. Nevertheless, increasing the number of enzymes integrated into designer cellulosomes is critical, in order to further enhance degradation of plant cell wall material. Adaptor scaffoldins comprise an intermediate type of scaffoldin that can both incorporate various enzymes and attach to an additional scaffoldin. Using this strategy, we constructed an efficient form of adaptor scaffoldin that possesses three type I cohesins for enzyme integration, a single type II dockerin for interaction with an additional scaffoldin, and a carbohydrate-binding module for targeting to the cellulosic substrate. In parallel, we designed a hexavalent scaffoldin capable of connecting to the adaptor scaffoldin by the incorporation of an appropriate type II cohesin. The resultant extended designer cellulosome comprised 8 recombinant enzymes—4 xylanases and 4 cellulases—thereby representing a potent enzymatic cocktail for solubilization of natural lignocellulosic substrates. The contribution of the adaptor scaffoldin clearly demonstrated that proximity between the two scaffoldins and their composite set of enzymes is crucial for optimized degradation. After 72 h of incubation, the performance of the extended designer cellulosome was determined to be approximately 70% compared to that of native cellulosomes.IMPORTANCEPlant cell wall residues represent a major source of renewable biomass for the production of biofuels such as ethanol via breakdown to soluble sugars. The natural microbial degradation process, however, is inefficient for achieving cost-effective processes in the conversion of plant-derived biomass to biofuels, either from dedicated crops or human-generated cellulosic wastes. The accumulation of the latter is considered a major environmental pollutant. The development of designer cellulosome nanodevices for enhanced plant cell wall degradation thus has major impacts in the fields of environmental pollution, bioenergy production, and biotechnology in general. The findings reported in this article comprise a true breakthrough in our capacity to produce extended designer cellulosomes via synthetic biology means, thus enabling the assembly of higher-order complexes that can supersede the number of enzymes included in a single multienzyme complex.

scholarly journals Demographic Characteristics of Diabetic Neuropathy Patients Attended at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mashudur Rahman ◽  
Abu Nasir Rizvi ◽  
Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
Rashida Akter Khanam ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Momen Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the early complications of diabetes mellitus patients which is very difficult to face in the daily living activities. The purpose of the present study was to see the demographic characteristics of diabetic neuropathy patients. Metarials & Methods: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurology including Neuropathy Clinic and in collaboration with department of Endocrinology at Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from January 2012 to December 2013 for a period of two (2) years. Adult diabetic patients presented with neuropathic pain with symmetrical involvement of distal limbs from indoor and outpatient department of Neurology including Neuropathy clinic as well as indoor and outpatient department of Endocrinology, BSMMU were enrolled in the study population. Data was collected by face to face interview. Information was collected by taking medical history and clinical examinations and subsequent laboratory investigations. Results: A total number of 102 cases were recruited for this study who were clinically diagnosed as painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Female was predominant than male 55(53.9%) cases and 47(46.1%) cases respectively. The male and female ratio was 1:1.2. Majority were in the age group of more than 55 years which was 55(53.9%) cases. The mean age with SD of the study population was 52.79±9.42 years. Among 102 patients type II DM was predominate than type I patients which were 95(92.2%) cases and 8(7.8%) cases respectively. The mean duration of DM with SD was 6.51±3.6 years. However the mean duration of neuropathic pain was 1.68±1.155 years. Conclusion: In conclusion majority of the diabetic neuropathy patients are female suffering from type II DM in the middle age. Medicine Today 2019 Vol.31(1): 27-30

scholarly journals Regulation of Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (14) ◽  
pp. 1993-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Shimosaka ◽  
Hiroya Tomita ◽  
Haruyuki Atomi
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Thermotoga Maritima ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Pantothenate Kinase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Bacterium

ABSTRACTRegulation of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes occurs through feedback inhibition targeting type I and type II pantothenate kinase (PanK), respectively. In contrast, the activity of type III PanK is not affected by CoA. As the hyperthermophilic bacteriumThermotoga maritimaharbors only a single type III PanK (Tm-PanK), here we examined the mechanisms that regulate CoA biosynthesis in this organism. We first examined the enzyme responsible for the ketopantoate reductase (KPR) reaction, which is the target of feedback inhibition in archaea. A classical KPR homolog was not present on theT. maritimagenome, but we found a homolog (TM0550) of the ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) fromCorynebacterium glutamicum, which exhibits KPR activity. The purified TM0550 protein displayed both KPR and KARI activities and was designatedTm-KPR/KARI. WhenT. maritimacell extract was subjected to anion-exchange chromatography, the fractions containing high levels of KPR activity also displayed positive signals in a Western blot analysis using polyclonal anti-TM0550 protein antisera, strongly suggesting thatTm-KPR/KARI was the major source of KPR activity in the organism. The KPR activity ofTm-KPR/KARI was not inhibited in the presence of CoA. We thus examined the properties ofTm-PanK and the pantothenate synthetase (Tm-PS) of this organism.Tm-PS was not affected by CoA. Surprisingly however,Tm-PanK was inhibited by CoA, with almost complete inhibition in the presence of 400 μM CoA. Our results suggest that CoA biosynthesis inT. maritimais regulated by feedback inhibition targeting PanK, althoughTm-PanK is a type III enzyme.IMPORTANCEBacteria and eukaryotes regulate the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) by feedback inhibition targeting type I or type II pantothenate kinase (PanK). The hyperthermophilic bacteriumThermotoga maritimaharbors a single type III PanK (Tm-PanK), previously considered to be unaffected by CoA. By examining the properties of three enzymes involved in CoA biosynthesis in this organism, we found thatTm-PanK, although a type III enzyme, is inhibited by CoA. The results provide a feasible explanation of how CoA biosynthesis is regulated inT. maritima, which may also apply for other bacteria that harbor only type III PanK enzymes.

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