scholarly journals Bone Marrow-Derived, Neural-Like Cells Have the Characteristics of Neurons to Protect the Peripheral Nerve in Microenvironment

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-lei Guo ◽  
Zhi-ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yun-xia Zhi ◽  
Chang-jie Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Effective repair of peripheral nerve defects is difficult because of the slow growth of new axonal growth. We propose that “neural-like cells” may be useful for the protection of peripheral nerve destructions. Such cells should prolong the time for the disintegration of spinal nerves, reduce lesions, and improve recovery. But the mechanism of neural-like cells in the peripheral nerve is still unclear. In this study, bone marrow-derived neural-like cells were used as seed cells. The cells were injected into the distal end of severed rabbit peripheral nerves that were no longer integrated with the central nervous system. Electromyography (EMG), immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the development of the cells in the peripheral nerve environment. The CMAP amplitude appeared during the 5th week following surgery, at which time morphological characteristics of myelinated nerve fiber formation were observed. Bone marrow-derived neural-like cells could protect the disintegration and destruction of the injured peripheral nerve.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Time Course of Axon and Myelin Degeneration in Peripheral Nerves in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Tomikawa ◽  
Mayu Mutsuga ◽  
Kojiro Hara ◽  
Chihiro Kaneko ◽  
Yuko Togashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is an animal model for Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), which results in neurological symptoms and histopathological changes in peripheral nerves. In this model, the correlation between the progression of the disease and the histopathological changes is not clear. To further examine histopathological changes in peripheral nerves in EAN rats, sciatic nerves were sampled at onset (day 10), peak (day 16), and recovery (days 22 and 25) of neurological symptoms in P2(57-81)-peptide-administered rats. Axon and myelin degeneration was observed by light microscopy at onset, degeneration became severe at peak, and persisted at recovery. Densities of myelinated nerve fibers and myelin areas decreased from day 10 to a minimum on day 22. Slight axon and myelin degeneration, such as accumulation of vesicles in axons and focal myelin splitting and folding, was observed by transmission electron microscopy at onset; severe degeneration, such as axonal loss, myelin ovoid, and demyelination, increased at peak; and regenerative changes, such as remyelination and enlargement of Schwann cell cytoplasm, occurred at recovery. These results suggest that EAN rats have histopathological similarities to some types of GBS patients and that EAN rats are a useful model to understand the pathogenesis of GBS.

The fine structure and morphological organization of non-myelinated nerve fibres

1956 ◽  
Vol 144 (917) ◽  
pp. 496-506 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Myelinated Fibres

The fine structure and morphological organization of non-myelinated nerve fibres were studied by ultra-thin sectioning and electron microscopy in peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and dorsal roots. Several non-myelinated fibres share the cytoplasm of a Schwann cell. The Schwann cells of non-myelinated fibres form a syncytium. The fibres are incompletely sur­rounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm and are suspended in the cytoplasm by mesaxons formed by the plasma membranes of the Schwann cell. The various relationships of mesaxon and nerve fibre are described. Non-myelinated fibres which do not share a Schwann cell are seen very frequently in the sciatic nerve of a new-born mouse but become less common as myelination proceeds and are rare in adults. It is therefore suggested that in developing peripheral nerves, the non­ myelinated fibres that are destined to myelinate are not organized into groups within a single Schwann cell, even before their myelin sheath has appeared; they are, at least for the ages examined here, individuals in relation to a surrounding individual Schwann cell. It is also suggested that the non-myelinated fibres that will never acquire a myelin sheath are organized in a developing peripheral nerve in the same manner as in the adult nerve—several fibres sharing a single Schwann cell that is part of a syncytial system of Schwann cells. Thus, in a developing peripheral nerve, it appears that two types of non-myelinated fibres are present—one destined to myelinate and lying alone in its own Schwann cell and the other, destined to remain unmyelinated and sharing, along with other non-myelinated fibres of the same type, a Schwann cell. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the development of nerve fibres and possible physiological importance.

scholarly journals Basophilic peripheral nerve inclusions in patient with L144F SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-97
Author(s):  
Dejan Aleksic ◽  
Stojan Peric ◽  
Sanja Milenkovic ◽  
Milena Jankovic ◽  
Vidosava Rakocevic-Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Limb Weakness ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Introduction. Histopathological findings of various inclusions were reported in the central nervous system of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, but not in the peripheral nerves. Case report. Our patient was a 66-year-old man with lower limb weakness later involvement of upper limbs, and loss of sphincter control. Neurological examination showed affection of both upper and lower motor neurons. He had paresthesia of the left side of his body and socks-distribution numbness. Histopathology of the sural nerve and genetic report showed basophilic periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive intra-axonal inclusions and heterozygous L144F mutation in the exon 5 of the SOD1 gene. Conclusion. It seems that presence of the basophilic peripheral nerve inclusions may suggest diagnosis of SOD1 positive ALS.

An Electronmicroscopic Study of Collateral Nerve Sprouts

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 276-277
Author(s):  
J. Jew ◽  
T. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Collateral Sprouting ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
Nerve Sprouting ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

One of the major limitations of classical regeneration is that an axon may have to grow a long way before it can re-establish contact with the denervated cells. Fortunately, however, an alternative and more rapid mechanism exists to secure functional recovery. In this process - collateral nerve sprouting - side branches grow out from surviving axons closest to the denervated elements.Collateral nerve sprouting was recognized by Exner before the turn of the century, though at the time his concept went unnoticed. It was shown that collateral sprouts could restore apparently normal function to skeletal muscle. More recent studies have indicated that collateral sprouting is a general property of peripheral nerves both motor and sensory, somatic and autonomic; but its occurrence in the central nervous system is controversial Structural study of collateral nerve sprouts requires the observation of processes having morphological characteristics beyond the resolution capability of the light microscope. In the absence of information about collateral sprouting at the electronmicroscopic level, and because of its clinical relevance, we set ourselves the task of studying the natural history of this process. The present work will serve as a basis for quantitative studies, including those aimed at controlling the rate and extent of collateral nerve sprouting.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

Individual mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve damage when exposed to metallic mercury

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 918-924
Author(s):  
Dina V. Rusanova ◽  
Oleg L. Lakhman ◽  
Galina M. Bodienkova ◽  
Irina V. Kudaeva ◽  
Natalya G. Kuptsova
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Damage ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Peripheral Blood Circulation ◽  
Antibodies To Dna

Introduction. There is a lack of knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms that form peripheral nerve disorders in mercury lesions of professional origin. The study aims to reveal the mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve damage in the long-term post-contact period of chronic mercury intoxication (CMI). Materials and methods. Fifty-one people had the diagnosis of a long-term period of CMI. The post-contact period was 8.5±2.6 years. The authors compared the results with a control group of 26 healthy men who had no contact with toxic substances. Stimulating electroneuromyography was performed. We studied the body systems that could contribute to the formation of disorders in the peripheral nerves. Changes in peripheral hemodynamics were studied using reovasography. The content of autoantibodies, neuron-specific enolase, serotonin, histamine, catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine), metanephrine, and neurotrophin-3 was reviewed. The content of ceruloplasmin, secondary products of lipid peroxidation processes, reduced glutathione, the activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of nitric oxide levels were determined. Results. The study established pathogenetic structural links of peripheral nerve disorders. The autoimmune process's role was to increase the range of antibodies to the MAG protein and increase the level of antibodies to DNA. Violations of elastic-tonic properties of peripheral vessels could be associated with the functional state of motor axons. The increased content of neurotransmitters is related to the state of peripheral blood circulation; the most pronounced changes were on the legs, which could contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of vasoconstriction. The role of oxidative stress in the formation of demyelinating disorders in patients' peripheral nerves in the long-term period of CRI is possible. Conclusion. Neuroimmunological processes has an essential role in the development of peripheral nerve demyelination was shown, which consists in an increase in the content of antibodies to the MAG protein expressed on Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and in an increase in the level of antibodies to DNA involved in the formation of demyelinating changes when exposed to metallic mercury. The revealed pathological changes in the state of the peripheral blood circulation, characterized by a violation of the vessels' elastic-tonic properties, leading to demyelination of motor axons in patients in the long-term period of CMI. The increased content of neurotransmitters in the examined is of great importance in the state of peripheral circulation. Pronounced changes in blood circulation are established on the lower extremities, which may be associated with the predominance of α-adrenergic receptors in the arterial bed and may contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of vasoconstriction in the legs. The relationship between changes in indicators of oxidative stress, consisting of a decrease in the value of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, and the formation of demyelinating disorders of peripheral nerves in patients in the long-term period of CMI has been proved.

scholarly journals Experimental Methods to Simulate and Evaluate Postsurgical Peripheral Nerve Scarring

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1613
Author(s):  
Alessandro Crosio ◽  
Giulia Ronchi ◽  
Benedetta Elena Fornasari ◽  
Simonetta Odella ◽  
Stefania Raimondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scar Tissue Formation

As a consequence of trauma or surgical interventions on peripheral nerves, scar tissue can form, interfering with the capacity of the nerve to regenerate properly. Scar tissue may also lead to traction neuropathies, with functional dysfunction and pain for the patient. The search for effective antiadhesion products to prevent scar tissue formation has, therefore, become an important clinical challenge. In this review, we perform extensive research on the PubMed database, retrieving experimental papers on the prevention of peripheral nerve scarring. Different parameters have been considered and discussed, including the animal and nerve models used and the experimental methods employed to simulate and evaluate scar formation. An overview of the different types of antiadhesion devices and strategies investigated in experimental models is also provided. To successfully evaluate the efficacy of new antiscarring agents, it is necessary to have reliable animal models mimicking the complications of peripheral nerve scarring and also standard and quantitative parameters to evaluate perineural scars. So far, there are no standardized methods used in experimental research, and it is, therefore, difficult to compare the results of the different antiadhesion devices.

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