Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

scholarly journals On the effects of joining the cervical sympathetic nerve with the chorda tympani.

1904 ◽  
Vol 73 (488-496) ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
John Newport Langley ◽  
Hugh Kerr Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic Nerve

It is well known that the cervical sympathetic nerve and the chorda tympani have opposite actions upon the blood-vessels of the sub-maxillary gland, the former causing contraction of the vessels, and the latter, dilatation. Evidence has been given by one of us that the chorda tympani if united with the cervical sympathetic, can in time make connection with the nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion and become in part vaso-constrictor fibres. Our experiments have been directed to determine whether the cervical sympathetic if allowed an opportunity of becoming connected with the peripheral nerve cells in the course of the chorda tympani will in part change their function from vaso-constrictor to vaso-dilator. Two experiments were made on anæsthetised cats, both give similar results, but one was much more conclusive on the point at issue than the other, and here we shall speak of that only. The superior cervical ganglion was excised and the central end of the cervical sympathetic nerve was joined to the peripheral end of the lingual, which contains the chorda tympani fibres. After allowing time for union and regeneration of the nerves, the cervical sympathetic was stimulated; it caused prompt flushing of the sub-maxillary glands, and the effect was repeatedly obtained.

scholarly journals Nerve Fibers Containing Neuropeptide Y in the Cerebrovascular Bed: Immunocytochemistry, Radioimmunoassay, and Vasomotor Effects

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Edvinsson ◽  
J. R. Copeland ◽  
P. C. Emson ◽  
J. McCulloch ◽  
R. Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Calcium Entry Blocker ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Perivascular nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity were identified around cerebral blood vessels of human, cat, guinea pig, rat, and mouse. The major cerebral arteries were invested by dense plexuses; veins, small arteries, and arterioles were accompanied by few fibers. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in a reduction of NPY-like material in pial vessels and dura mater. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine reduced the number of visible NPY fibers and the concentration of NPY in rat cerebral vessels. Sequential immuno-staining with antibodies toward dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) (an enzyme involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline) and NPY revealed an identical localization of DBH and NPY in nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion and in perivascular fibers of pial blood vessels, suggesting their coexistence. Administration of NPY in vitro resulted in concentration-dependent contractions that were not modified by a sympathectomy. The contractions induced by noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and prostaglandin F2α and the dilator responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide were not modified by NPY in rat cerebral arteries. However, the constrictor response to NPY was reduced by 70% in the presence of the calcium entry blocker nifedipine, and abolished following incubation in a calcium-free buffer. These data suggest an interaction of NPY at a postsynaptic site, which for induction of contraction may open calcium channels in the sarcolemma of cerebral arteries.

Intracellular transduction mechanisms for the slow synaptic events

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (S1) ◽  
pp. S44-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Kobayashi ◽  
Sumiko Mochida ◽  
Susumu Y. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

Electrical activities of the postganglionic neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of rabbits are modulated in various ways following activation of the subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, (i) M1 receptors mediate a slow depolarization consisting of at least three types of ionic conductance changes, and one of these is possibly mediated by cyclic GMP. (ii) M2 receptors mediate a slow hyperpolarization that seems to be generated by inositol triphosphate derived from phosphatidylinositol breakdown. (iii) M2 receptors also cause, through an activation of C kinase, a suppression of Ca entry during action potentials that results in a characteristic change in the action potentials and thereby modulates excitability of superior cervical ganglion neurons. Each subtype of muscarinic receptors thus regulates different pathways of intracellular transduction and modulates the electrical signaling of sympathetic neurons.Key words: superior cervical ganglion, electrical signals, muscarinic responses, muscarinic receptor subtypes, second messengers.

scholarly journals Structural changes of the human superior cervical ganglion following ischemic stroke

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gineta Liutkienė ◽  
Rimvydas Stropus ◽  
Anita Dabužinskienė ◽  
Mara Pilmane
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia

Objective. The sympathetic nervous system participates in the modulation of cerebrovascular autoregulation. The most important source of sympathetic innervation of the cerebral arteries is the superior cervical ganglion. The aim of this study was to investigate signs of the neurodegenerative alteration in the sympathetic ganglia including the evaluation of apoptosis of neuronal and satellite cells in the human superior cervical ganglion after ischemic stroke, because so far alterations in human sympathetic ganglia related to the injury to peripheral tissue have not been enough analyzed. Materials and methods. We investigated human superior cervical ganglia from eight patients who died of ischemic stroke and from seven control subjects. Neurohistological examination of sympathetic ganglia was performed on 5 μm paraffin sections stained with cresyl violet. TUNEL method was applied to assess apoptotic cells of sympathetic ganglia. Results. The present investigation showed that: (1) signs of neurodegenerative alteration (darkly stained and deformed neurons with vacuoles, lymphocytic infiltrates, gliocyte proliferation) were markedly expressed in the ganglia of stroke patients; (2) apoptotic neuronal and glial cell death was observed in the human superior cervical ganglia of the control and stroke groups; (3) heterogenic distribution of apoptotic neurons and glial cells as well as individual variations in both groups were identified; (4) higher apoptotic index of sympathetic neurons (89%) in the stroke group than in the control group was found. Conclusions. We associated these findings with retrograde reaction of the neuronal cell body to axonal damage, which occurs in the ischemic focus of blood vessels innervated by superior cervical ganglion.

scholarly journals The effect of preganglionic stimulation on the incorporation of l-[U-14C]valine into the protein of the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea pig

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Preganglionic Stimulation ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Superior cervical ganglia from the guinea pig carry out an energy-dependent incorporation of l-[14C]valine into protein in vitro. 2. Stimulation of the preganglionic nerve at a physiological frequency for more than a few minutes decreases the ability of the ganglia to incorporate labelled valine into protein.

scholarly journals Bone Marrow-Derived, Neural-Like Cells Have the Characteristics of Neurons to Protect the Peripheral Nerve in Microenvironment

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-lei Guo ◽  
Zhi-ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yun-xia Zhi ◽  
Chang-jie Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Effective repair of peripheral nerve defects is difficult because of the slow growth of new axonal growth. We propose that “neural-like cells” may be useful for the protection of peripheral nerve destructions. Such cells should prolong the time for the disintegration of spinal nerves, reduce lesions, and improve recovery. But the mechanism of neural-like cells in the peripheral nerve is still unclear. In this study, bone marrow-derived neural-like cells were used as seed cells. The cells were injected into the distal end of severed rabbit peripheral nerves that were no longer integrated with the central nervous system. Electromyography (EMG), immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the development of the cells in the peripheral nerve environment. The CMAP amplitude appeared during the 5th week following surgery, at which time morphological characteristics of myelinated nerve fiber formation were observed. Bone marrow-derived neural-like cells could protect the disintegration and destruction of the injured peripheral nerve.

Innervation of endoneurial microvessels in human sural nerve

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
John L. Beggs ◽  
Peter C. Johnson ◽  
Astrid G. Olafsen ◽  
C. Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Arterial Supply ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Vasa Nervorum ◽  
Endoneurial Blood Flow

The blood supply (vasa nervorum) to peripheral nerves is composed of an interconnected dual circulation. The endoneurium of nerve fascicles is maintained by the intrinsic circulation which is composed of microvessels primarily of capillary caliber. Transperineurial arterioles link the intrinsic circulation with the extrinsic arterial supply located in the epineurium. Blood flow in the vasa nervorum is neurogenically influenced (1,2). Although a recent hypothesis proposes that endoneurial blood flow is controlled by the action of autonomic nerve fibers associated with epineurial arterioles (2), our recent studies (3) show that in addition to epineurial arterioles other segments of the vasa nervorum are also innervated. In this study, we examine blood vessels of the endoneurium for possible innervation.

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