scholarly journals Harnessing Intranasal Delivery Systems of Sumatriptan for the Treatment of Migraine

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sara Assadpour ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shiran ◽  
Peyman Asadi ◽  
Javad Akhtari ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Novel Delivery Systems

Sumatriptan (ST) is a commonly prescribed drug for treating migraine. The efficiency of several routes of ST administration has been investigated. Recently, the intranasal route with different delivery systems has gained interest owing to its fast-acting and effectiveness. The present study is aimed at reviewing the available studies on novel delivery systems for intranasal ST administration. The oral route of ST administration is common but complicated with some problems. Gastroparesis in patients with migraine may reduce the absorption and effectiveness of ST upon oral use. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal (GI) system and hepatic metabolism can alter the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of ST. The bioavailability of conventional nasal liquids is low due to the deposition of a large fraction of the delivered dose of a drug in the nasal cavity. Several delivery systems have been utilized in a wide range of preclinical and clinical studies to enhance the bioavailability of ST. The beneficial effects of the dry nasal powder of ST (AVP-825) have been proven in clinical studies. Moreover, other delivery systems based on microemulsions, microspheres, and nanoparticles have been introduced, and their higher bioavailability and efficacy were demonstrated in preclinical studies. Based on the extant findings, harnessing novel delivery systems can improve the bioavailability of ST and enhance its effectiveness against migraine attacks. However, further clinical studies are needed to approve the safety and efficacy of employing such systems in humans.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Andrade ◽  
Maria João Ramalho ◽  
Joana Angélica Loureiro ◽  
Maria do Carmo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related with the increase of age and it is the main cause of dementia in the world. AD affects cognitive functions, such as memory, with an intensity that leads to several functional losses. The continuous increase of AD incidence demands for an urgent development of effective therapeutic strategies. Despite the extensive research on this disease, only a few drugs able to delay the progression of the disease are currently available. In the last years, several compounds with pharmacological activities isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, revealed to have beneficial effects for the treatment of AD, targeting different pathological mechanisms. Thus, a wide range of natural compounds may play a relevant role in the prevention of AD and have proven to be efficient in different preclinical and clinical studies. This work aims to review the natural compounds that until this date were described as having significant benefits for this neurological disease, focusing on studies that present clinical trials.

scholarly journals Novel Delivery Systems of Polyphenols and Their Potential Health Benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Bianca Enaru ◽  
Sonia Socaci ◽  
Anca Farcas ◽  
Carmen Socaciu ◽  
Corina Danciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Novel Delivery Systems

Liposome-based delivery systems have been studied and used more frequently in recent years due to their advantages, such as low toxicity, specificity, and the ability to protect the encapsulated substance from environmental factors, which could otherwise degrade the active compound and reduce its effectiveness. Given these benefits, many researchers have encapsulated polyphenols in liposomes, thus increasing their bioavailability and stability. Similarly, polyphenols encapsulated in liposomes are known to produce more substantial effects on targeted cells than unencapsulated polyphenols, while having minimal cytotoxicity in healthy cells. Although polyphenols play a role in preventing many types of disease and generally have beneficial effects on health, we solely focused on their chemopreventive effects on cancer through liposomes in this review. Our goal was to summarize the applicability and efficacy of liposomes encapsulated with different classes of polyphenols on several types of cancer, thus opening the opportunity for future studies based on these drug delivery systems.

scholarly journals OZONE THERAPY: GENERAL PROTOCOLS BASED ON EVIDENCES

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Menendez Cepero
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Ozone has been used as a therapeutical agent for the treatment of different diseases and beneficial effects have been observed. However, ozone biological effects remain controversial due to the scarce knowledge of its biochemical and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Taking into account that ozone therapy is gathering more interest, day by day, and it has been used in apparently nonrelated diseases with beneficial effects, the National Center for Scientific Research (Havana, Cuba) in collaboration with different research centers and health institutions have studied the ozone toxicology and its pharmacological actions as well as its biochemical mechanisms. The most remarkable experiences, in preclinical and clinical studies, developed in Cuba during the last 30 years, in order to prove unequivocally ozone therapy validity, are presented in this lecture. On the basis of the oxidant properties of ozone, we postulate that controlled ozone administration (named as ozone oxidative pre-/postconditioning mechanism) is able to promote a slight and transient oxidative stress which in turn re-establishes the signalling pathways which have been lost in pathological conditions, preserving the cellular redox balance (increasing antioxidant endogenous system), mitochondrial function as well as the regulation of transcription factors and the modulation of the immunological system. It is evident that membrane-associated ozone peroxides, 4-hydroxialkenals, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, among others, are going to play an important role in cellular signals as well as in the pathology of different diseases. Regulation of these biomolecules by ozone preconditioning has been demonstrated in several preclinical and clinical studies as ischaemia-reperfusion phenomenom, parkinson, senile dementia, disk herniation, retinitis pigmentosa, ischemic cardiopathy, arterial insufficiencies, diabetes, osteoarthritis, asthma, vestibulocochlear syndrome, among others. Nitric oxide modulation, as well as the increase in A1 adenosine receptors achieved with this therapy has an important role in brain blood flux, in the formation of memory, in the release of neurotransmitters and in the inflammatory processes. Ozone therapy seems to induce a simultaneous resuscitation of functions that had gone wrong, reactivating and re-equilibrating physiological activities. This lecture contributes to clarify the ozone mechanism of action and its different pharmacology effects. It is concluded that ozone therapy can be useful in the treatment of several diseases, either as adjuvant of ortodox medicine or taking part positively in those where conventional therapy has had no success, all this with a common purpose: to favour the patients and contribute to a better quality of life.

scholarly journals Andrographolide, an Anti-Inflammatory Multitarget Drug: All Roads Lead to Cellular Metabolism

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Rafael Agustín Burgos ◽  
Pablo Alarcón ◽  
John Quiroga ◽  
Carolina Manosalva ◽  
Juan Hancke
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Labdane Diterpene ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Andrographolide is a labdane diterpene and the main active ingredient isolated from the herb Andrographis paniculata. Andrographolide possesses diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. Clinical studies have demonstrated that andrographolide could be useful in therapy for a wide range of diseases such as osteoarthritis, upper respiratory diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Several targets are described for andrographolide, including the interference of transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and HIF-1 and signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT. In addition, an increase in the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) signaling pathway also supports its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this scenario could be more complex since recent evidence suggests that andrographolide targets can modulate glucose metabolism. The metabolic effect of andrographolide might be the key to explaining the diverse therapeutic effects described in preclinical and clinical studies. This review discusses some of the most recent evidence about the anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of andrographolide.

scholarly journals Combating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19 by Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Duried Alwazeer ◽  
Franky Fuh-Ching Liu ◽  
Xiao Yu Wu ◽  
Tyler W. LeBaron
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Type Ii Pneumocytes ◽  
Medical Gas ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

COVID-19 is a widespread global pandemic with nearly 185 million confirmed cases and about four million deaths. It is caused by an infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which primarily affects the alveolar type II pneumocytes. The infection induces pathological responses including increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This situation results in impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, and other sequelae that lead to multisystem organ failure and death. As summarized in this article, many interventions and therapeutics have been proposed and investigated to combat the viral infection-induced inflammation and oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19. However, these methods have not significantly improved treatment outcomes. This may partly be attributable to their inability at restoring redox and inflammatory homeostasis, for which molecular hydrogen (H2), an emerging novel medical gas, may complement. Herein, we systematically review the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms of H2. Its small molecular size and nonpolarity allow H2 to rapidly diffuse through cell membranes and penetrate cellular organelles. H2 has been demonstrated to suppress NF-κB inflammatory signaling and induce the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway, as well as to improve mitochondrial function and enhance cellular bioenergetics. Many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of H2 in varying diseases, including COVID-19. However, the exact mechanisms, primary modes of action, and its true clinical effects remain to be delineated and verified. Accordingly, additional mechanistic and clinical research into this novel medical gas to combat COVID-19 complications is warranted.

scholarly journals Clinical Pharmacology ofCitrus aurantiumandCitrus sinensisfor the Treatment of Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Mannucci ◽  
Fabrizio Calapai ◽  
Luigi Cardia ◽  
Giuseppina Inferrera ◽  
Giovanni D’Arena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Objective. The aim of this review is to analyze preclinical and clinical studies investigating the anxiety effects ofCitrus aurantiumorCitrus sinensisessential oils (EOs).Design. The bibliographic research was made on the major scientific databases. Analysis included only articles written in English and published on peer-reviewed scientific journals describing preclinical experiments and clinical trials carried out to investigate the antianxiety effects ofCitrus aurantium or Citrus sinensisEOs on anxiety disorders. Clinical studies reporting the antianxiety effects of products containingCitrus aurantiumorCitrus sinensisEOs in combination with other active substances, including medicinal plants, were excluded. Nine clinical studies fulfilled the criteria adopted for analysis.Results. Data show thatCitrus aurantiumorCitrus sinensisEOs produce anxiolytic effects both in preclinical experiments and in different clinical conditions.Citrus aurantiumEO aromatherapy reduced anxiety level in the great part of stress conditions studied (subjects affected by chronic myeloid leukemia and preoperative patients) except for a sample of patients subjected to colonoscopy. Exposition toCitrus sinensisEO in clinical studies shows to be positive in reducing anxiety level in patients waiting for dental treatment as well as in healthy volunteers submitted to an anxiogenic situation.Conclusions. Overview of clinical trials conducted withCitrus aurantiumorCitrus sinensison people with anxiety showed that inhalation or oral administration ofCitrus aurantiumand inhalation ofCitrus sinensiscan exert beneficial effects on anxiety; however, because of incomplete accuracy in the reporting of methodology, further more complete clinical studies are warranted.

Buprenorphine: prospective novel therapy for depression and PTSD

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-893
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Madison ◽  
Shoshana Eitan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kappa Opioid Receptor ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractBackgroundDepression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are leading causes of disability and loss of life by suicide. Currently, there are less than satisfactory medical solutions to treat these mental disorders. Here, we explore recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the potential of using buprenorphine to treat major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and PTSD.MethodBibliographic databases were searched to include preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of buprenorphine and the involvement of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) in mediating these effects.ResultsOriginal clinical studies examining the effectiveness of buprenorphine to treat depression were mixed. The majority of participants in the PTSD studies were males and suffer from chronic pain and/or substance use disorders. Nonetheless, these recent studies and analyses established proof of concept warranting farther investigations. Additionally, KOR likely mediates the antidepressant and some of the anxiolytic effects of buprenorphine. Still, it appears that the full spectrum of buprenorphine's beneficial effects might be due to activity at other opioid receptors as well.ConclusionsPharmaceuticals' abilities to treat medical conditions directly relates to their ability to act upon the endogenous biological systems related to the conditions. Thus, these recent findings are likely a reflection of the central role that the endogenous opioid system has in these mental illnesses. Further studies are necessary to study the involvement of endogenous opioid systems, and specifically KOR, in mediating buprenorphine's beneficial effects and the ability to treat these medical conditions while minimizing risks for misuse and diversion.

Cyclodextrins as potential gene therapy vectors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Hereditary Diseases ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Wide Range

Cyclodextrins (CDs)-based techniques of delivering nucleic acid have considerable potential in gene therapy. A clinical study using a CD-based delivery technique to distribute siRNA to patients with solid tumors was done. The ribonucleotide reductase (RRM2)-related siRNA utilized in that work was designed to reduce cancer. Besides melanoma research, CD-like delivery systems were examined as therapeutic techniques for hepatoma, glioma, breast cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical and clinical studies that have been linked have shown a tremendous amount of therapeutic promise. Several difficulties remain before clinical studies may employ CD-based nucleic acid delivery methods. In addition, easy modification techniques should be researched to ensure the security of the delivery systems. CD's intrinsic advantages, including its exceptional biological properties and unique structure, enable the sensible design of a wide range of distribution systems. CDs are anticipated to be used for clinical gene therapy transformation with the progress of relevant research and ongoing materials science and biology development. The research focuses on cancer therapy, but other hereditary diseases may benefit from increased attention.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids: In search for an explanation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Zoric
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Medical Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Although cannabis has been used for thousands of years for medical and recreational purposes, the debate on its introduction as a medical product has only recently begun. That discussion was preceded by the discovery and explanation of the active components in cannabis on the one hand, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in mammals on the other. Numerous studies over the past thirty years have focused on their further examination, and scarce clinical studies show the beneficial effects of cannabis on the wide spectrum of diseases. The question is why, thirty years after the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and the CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as the positive results in cannabis administration in a wide range of diseases, extensive clinical studies and relevant explanations are still lacking. On the other hand, one may wonder if something important is being denied to patients who might find cannabis use beneficial? Therefore, it is important to analyze several different problems. What is the subject of the dispute, and which cannabis derivatives are allowed? Why do we not have relevant clinical studies, that is, all of those are of a very limited extent? How are clinical studies conducted? To whom are these derivatives intended and are there ethical dilemmas regarding their use?

scholarly journals Pleiotropic Effects of Secretin: A Potential Drug Candidate in the Treatment of Obesity?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanna Laurila ◽  
Eleni Rebelos ◽  
Miikka-Juhani Honka ◽  
Pirjo Nuutila
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Initial Focus

Secretin is the first hormone that has been discovered, inaugurating the era and the field of endocrinology. Despite the initial focus, the interest in its actions faded away over the decades. However, there is mounting evidence regarding the pleiotropic beneficial effects of secretin on whole-body homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies based on which secretin may have a role in the treatment of obesity.

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