scholarly journals A Review of Applications of Machine Learning in Mammography and Future Challenges

Oncology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sai Batchu ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
Ahmad Amireh ◽  
Joseph Waller ◽  
Muhammad Umair
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Applications Of Machine Learning

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature to summarize the evidence surrounding the clinical utility of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of mammography. Databases from PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus were searched for relevant literature. Studies evaluating AI models in the context of prediction and diagnosis of breast malignancies that also reported conventional performance metrics were deemed suitable for inclusion. From 90 unique citations, 21 studies were considered suitable for our examination. Data was not pooled due to heterogeneity in study evaluation methods. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Three studies showed the applicability of AI in reducing workload. Six studies demonstrated that AI can aid in diagnosis, with up to 69% reduction in false positives and an increase in sensitivity ranging from 84 to 91%. Five studies show how AI models can independently mark and classify suspicious findings on conventional scans, with abilities comparable with radiologists. Seven studies examined AI predictive potential for breast cancer and risk score calculation. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Despite limitations in the current evidence base and technical obstacles, this review suggests AI has marked potential for extensive use in mammography. Additional works, including large-scale prospective studies, are warranted to elucidate the clinical utility of AI.

scholarly journals (A118) Evidence-Based Disaster Medicine: What Can We Learn from a “Science” Spread across 900 Journals?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s33-s33 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smith ◽  
F.M. Burkle ◽  
P. Aitken ◽  
F. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies

IntroductionDisasters and large-scale crises continue to increase in frequency. To mitigate the potential catastrophes that confront humanity in the new millennium, an evidence-based approach to disaster medicine is required urgently. This paper moves towards such an approach by identifying the current evidence-base for disaster medicine.MethodsUsing a search strategy developed by the Cochrane Prehospital and Emergency Health Field, three independent reviewers searched the electronically indexed database MEDLINE (January 2000 – August 2010) to identify peer-reviewed literature relevant to disaster medicine. Reviewers screened the titles and abstracts identified by the search strategy and applied predetermined criteria to classify the reported publications for date, source and study type and topic.ResultsA total of 8149 publications were identified. Of these, 8% focused on mitigation, 22% on preparedness, 19% on response and 51% on recovery. The publications were overwhelmingly anecdotal or descriptive (89%) while 5% were quantitative studies and 6% used qualitative methodologies. Only 66 of these publications were classified as being high level evidence. The publications were published in 928 journals, of which 34% were mental health related journals and 28% were public health journals. The journal “Prehospital and Disaster Medicine” had the greatest number of publications (5%) of all journals publishing on issues within the scope of disaster medicine. The events with the greatest numbers of publications were the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Hurricane Katrina, the Indian Ocean Tsunami, and the conflict in Iraq. Of note, this search highlights the lack of publications reporting on the application of evaluation tools or frameworks.ConclusionGiven that the “science” of disaster medicine is spread across over 900 different journals, keeping on top of the evolving evidence-base of this emerging discipline will continue to be a challenge. Furthermore, the overall low quality of the evidence is an ongoing concern.

scholarly journals Lighting in the Home and Health: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Oluwapelumi Osibona ◽  
Bethlehem D. Solomon ◽  
Daniela Fecht
Keyword(s):  
Light Exposure ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Specific Health

Poor housing is an important determinant of poor health. One key aspect of housing quality is lighting. Light is important for visual performance and safety, and also plays a vital role in regulating human physiological functions. This review aims to synthesise existing evidence on the relationship between lighting in the home and health and recommends areas for future research. Three databases were searched for relevant literature using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Extracted data were qualitatively synthesised according to type of lighting (natural light, artificial light and light at night) and stratified by broad health domains (physical, mental and sleep health). Of the 4043 records retrieved, 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. There was considerable heterogeneity in light exposure metrics used and specific health outcome assessed by the studies. Lighting in the home can negatively affect health but the current evidence base is limited to a small number of studies in different domains of light and health. Further research surrounding specific health outcomes is required to better inform housing quality assessments and lighting practises in the home.

A Social Vision Account of Facial Expression Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald B. Adams ◽  
Daniel N. Albohn ◽  
Kestutis Kveraga
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Current Evidence Base

In this chapter, we discuss prospects for a future computational neuropsychology. Computerized approaches to assessment, the ability to implement life-like scenarios in a controlled virtual environment, and teleneuropsychology offer promise for expanding available approaches to cognitive remediation and self-monitoring. Computational models are also available increasingly for integrating neuroimaging into the assessment process. Neuropsychologists can use neuroimaging to develop new frameworks for neuropsychological testing that are rooted in the current evidence base on large-scale brain system interactions. This will allow for traditional assessment of discrete areas of neurocognitive functioning to be brought in line with recent findings that highly nuanced relations exist among brain networks. Furthermore, the new findings from systems neuroscience may allow for the development of neuropsychological assessments with greater accuracy and increased targeted testing. Neuroinfomatic approaches offer computational neuropsychology an approach to knowledge sharing via well-defined neuropsychological ontologies and collaborative knowledgebases.

scholarly journals Is the contemporary care of the older persons with acute coronary syndrome evidence-based?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg B Mills ◽  
Hanna Ratcovich ◽  
Jennifer Adams-Hall ◽  
Benjamin Beska ◽  
Emma Kirkup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Globally, ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death, with a higher mortality burden amongst older adults. Although advancing age is associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes following acute coronary syndromes (ACS), older patients are less likely to receive evidence-based medications and coronary angiography. Guideline recommendations for managing ACS are often based on studies that exclude older patients, and more contemporary trials have been underpowered and produced inconsistent findings. There is also limited evidence for how frailty and comorbidity should influence management decisions. This review focuses on the current evidence base for the medical and percutaneous management of ACS in older patients and highlights the distinct need to enrol older patients with ACS into well-powered, large-scale randomised trials.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and Cognition In Humans: An Overview of Current Evidence from Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Daniel Joseph Lamport ◽  
Claire Michelle Williams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing interest in the impact of dietary influences on the brain throughout the lifespan, ranging from improving cognitive development in children through to attenuating ageing related cognitive decline and reducing risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols, phytochemicals naturally present in a host of fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa and other foods, have received particular attention in this regard, and there is now a substantial body of evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies examining whether their consumption is associated with cognitive benefits. The purpose of this overview is to synthesise and evaluate the best available evidence from two sources, namely meta-analyses and systematic reviews, in order to give an accurate reflection of the current evidence base for an association between polyphenols and cognitive benefits. Four meta-analyses and thirteen systematic reviews published between 2017–2020 were included, and were categorised according to whether they reviewed specific polyphenol-rich foods and classes or all polyphenols. A requirement for inclusion was assessment of a behavioural cognitive outcome in humans. A clear and consistent theme emerged that whilst there is support for an association between polyphenol consumption and cognitive benefits, this conclusion is tentative, and by no means definitive. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was repeatedly highlighted as problematic such that the current evidence base does not support reliable conclusions relating to efficacy of specific doses, duration of treatment, or sensitivity in specific populations or certain cognitive domains. The complexity of multiple interactions between a range of direct and indirect mechanisms of action is discussed. Further research is required to strengthen the reliability of the evidence base.

scholarly journals P-26 Challenging the pressure on nhs resources: could 48-hour continuous subcutaneous infusions (CSCIS) help? a systematically-structured review of the current evidence base

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A9.3-A10
Author(s):  
James Baker ◽  
Andrew Dickman ◽  
Stephen Mason ◽  
John Ellershaw ◽  
Paul Skipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence Base

scholarly journals Rates of violence in patients classified as high risk by structured risk assessment instruments

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Singh ◽  
Seena Fazel ◽  
Ralitza Gueorguieva ◽  
Alec Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Study Heterogeneity

BackgroundRates of violence in persons identified as high risk by structured risk assessment instruments (SRAIs) are uncertain and frequently unreported by validation studies.AimsTo analyse the variation in rates of violence in individuals identified as high risk by SRAIs.MethodA systematic search of databases (1995–2011) was conducted for studies on nine widely used assessment tools. Where violence rates in high-risk groups were not published, these were requested from study authors. Rate information was extracted, and binomial logistic regression was used to study heterogeneity.ResultsInformation was collected on 13 045 participants in 57 samples from 47 independent studies. Annualised rates of violence in individuals classified as high risk varied both across and within instruments. Rates were elevated when population rates of violence were higher, when a structured professional judgement instrument was used and when there was a lower proportion of men in a study.ConclusionsAfter controlling for time at risk, the rate of violence in individuals classified as high risk by SRAIs shows substantial variation. In the absence of information on local base rates, assigning predetermined probabilities to future violence risk on the basis of a structured risk assessment is not supported by the current evidence base. This underscores the need for caution when such risk estimates are used to influence decisions related to individual liberty and public safety.

scholarly journals Toward the diagnosis of rare childhood genetic diseases: what do parents value most?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pollard ◽  
Deirdre Weymann ◽  
Jessica Dunne ◽  
Fatemeh Mayanloo ◽  
John Buckell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Genomic Testing ◽  
Current Evidence Base

AbstractGenomic testing is becoming routine for diagnosing rare childhood genetic disease. Evidence underlying sustainable implementation is limited, focusing on short-term endpoints such as diagnostic yield, unable to fully characterize patient and family valued outcomes. Although genomic testing is becoming widely available, evidentiary and outcomes uncertainty persist as key challenges for implementation. We examine whether the current evidence base reflects public tolerance for uncertainty for genomics to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. We conducted focus groups with general population parents in Vancouver, Canada, and Oxford, United Kingdom, to discuss expectations and concerns related to genomic testing to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. Applying a purposive sampling technique, recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Thirty-three parents participated across four focus groups. Participants valued causal diagnoses alongside management strategies to improve patient health and wellbeing. Further, participants valued expanding the evidence base to reduce evidentiary uncertainty while ensuring security of information. Willingness to pay out of pocket for testing reflected perceived familial health benefit. Diagnostic yield fails to fully capture valued outcomes, and efforts to resolve uncertainty better reflect public priorities. Evaluations of genomic testing that fully integrate valued endpoints are necessary to ensure consistency with best practices and public willingness to accept the uncertain familial benefit.

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