scholarly journals Instruction on rhythmic structure during learning enhances the breaststroke kick efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Bettina Ried ◽  
Graciele Massoli Rodrigues ◽  
Cassio M. Meira Junior
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Rhythm Pattern ◽  
Pattern Information ◽  
Complex Motor Skills ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pattern Index

Motor learning can be fostered by visual or auditory instruction conveying information on different features of the skill, like spatial and rhythmic characteristics. For swimming skills like the breaststroke kick, manuals predominantly emphasise spatial features, neglecting rhythmic aspects – even though motor learning considers movement rhythm crucial for distinguishing one skill from another. We aimed to analyse the impact of instruction containing or not the adequate rhythmic pattern information, conveyed by visual or auditory stimulus, on learning the breaststroke kick. Fifty university students, assigned to four experimental groups (auditory, visual, with and without rhythmic information), performed 400 acquisition plus 50 retention and 50 transfer trials during which stroke index, rhythmic and spatial pattern indices and instruction request frequency were mapped. Results showed a marginal difference (p= .075) between higher indices in the retention test of participants receiving information about adequate rhythm, as well as a strong correlation between stroke index and rhythm pattern index, but not with spatial pattern index. No difference between auditory and visual groups was found. This result supports earlier research on the impact of rhythmic information on the learning of complex motor skills, and emphasises the role rhythm plays in skill efficiency and consequently in motor learning.

scholarly journals Effect of video feedback on “hoop throw” skill of rhythmic gymnastics practitioners in different learning stages

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Marcela de Castro Ferracioli ◽  
Katlyne Ketly de Sousa Freitas ◽  
Lucas Moura Rodrigues ◽  
Daniel Traina Gama
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Video Feedback ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
One Year ◽  
Complex Motor Skills

Background: Video feedback has been considered important for learning complex motor skills. However, little is known about the effect of this type of visual feedback for learners in different stages of motor learning. Aim: To analyze the effect of video feedback on "hoop throw" learning by beginner and experienced Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) learners. Method: Sixteen girls, aged 10-14 years old, participated in the study, composing the Group Beginner (GB = 10 RG practitioners for a maximum of one year) and the Group Experienced (GE = 6 RG practitioners for at least two years). The study consisted of four experimental phases: Pre-Test, Acquisition, Post-Test and Retention. Analyses of variance were used to compare the performance of each group among experimental phases. Results: For GB, the performance was significantly inferior in the Pre-Test compared to the performance in the Acquisition and Retention Phases, characterizing success in the learning process. For GE, no significant performance differences were observed among experimental phases. Interpretation: Video feedback has positive effect on the complex motor learning process, especially for individuals in the initial stage of learning.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variance Assessment of Urban Rainstorm Waterlogging Affected by Impervious Surface Expansion: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huafei Yu ◽  
Yaolong Zhao ◽  
Yingchun Fu ◽  
Le Li
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Urban Renewal ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Surface Expansion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Runoff Plots

Urban rainstorm waterlogging has become a typical “city disease” in China. It can result in a huge loss of social economy and personal property, accordingly hindering the sustainable development of a city. Impervious surface expansion, especially the irregular spatial pattern of impervious surfaces, derived from rapid urbanization processes has been proven to be one of the main influential factors behind urban waterlogging. Therefore, optimizing the spatial pattern of impervious surfaces through urban renewal is an effective channel through which to attenuate urban waterlogging risk for developed urban areas. However, the most important step for the optimization of the spatial pattern of impervious surfaces is to understand the mechanism of the impact of urbanization processes, especially the spatiotemporal pattern of impervious surfaces, on urban waterlogging. This research aims to elucidate the mechanism of urbanization’s impact on waterlogging by analysing the spatiotemporal characteristics and variance of urban waterlogging affected by urban impervious surfaces in a case study of Guangzhou in China. First, the study area was divided into runoff plots by means of the hydrologic analysis method, based on which the analysis of spatiotemporal variance was carried out. Then, due to the heterogeneity of urban impervious surface effects on waterlogging, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was utilized to assess the spatiotemporal variance of the impact of impervious surface expansion on urban rainstorm waterlogging during the period from the 1990s to the 2010s. The results reveal that urban rainstorm waterlogging significantly expanded in a dense and circular layer surrounding the city centre, similar to the impervious surface expansion affected by urbanization policies. Taking the urban runoff plot as the research unit, GWR has achieved a good modelling effect for urban storm waterlogging. The results show that the impervious surfaces in the runoff plots of the southeastern part of Yuexiu, the southern part of Tianhe and the western part of Haizhu, which have experienced major urban engineering construction, have the strongest correlation with urban rainstorm waterlogging. However, for different runoff plots, the impact of impervious surfaces on urban waterlogging is quite different, as there exist other influence factors in the various runoff plots, although the impervious surface is one of the main factors. This result means that urban renewal strategy to optimize the spatial pattern of impervious surfaces for urban rainstorm waterlogging prevention and control should be different for different runoff plots. The results of the GWR model analysis can provide useful information for urban renewal strategy-making.

scholarly journals Dual contributions of cerebellar-thalamic networks to learning and offline consolidation of a complex motor task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres P Varani ◽  
Romain W Sala ◽  
Caroline Mailhes-Hamon ◽  
Jimena L Frontera ◽  
Clément Léna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Midline Thalamus ◽  
Ventral Thalamus ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Offline Processing

SUMMARYThe contribution of cerebellum to motor learning is often considered to be limited to adaptation, a short-timescale tuning of reflexes and previous learned skills. Yet, the cerebellum is reciprocally connected to two main players of motor learning, the motor cortex and the basal ganglia, via the ventral and midline thalamus respectively. Here, we evaluated the contribution of cerebellar neurons projecting to these thalamic nuclei in a skilled locomotion task in mice. In the cerebellar nuclei, we found task-specific neuronal activities during the task, and lasting changes after the task suggesting an offline processing of task-related information. Using pathway-specific inhibition, we found that dentate neurons projecting to the midline thalamus contribute to learning and retrieval, while interposed neurons projecting to the ventral thalamus contribute to the offline consolidation of savings. Our results thus show that two parallel cerebello-thalamic pathways perform distinct computations operating on distinct timescales in motor learning.

scholarly journals Meta-Analytic Findings in the Self-Controlled Motor Learning Literature: Underpowered, Biased, and Lacking Evidential Value

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad McKay ◽  
Zachary Yantha ◽  
Julia Hussien ◽  
Michael J Carter ◽  
Diane M. Ste-Marie
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Weight Function ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
The Self ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
P Value ◽  
Function Model ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

The self-controlled motor learning literature consists of experiments that compare a group of learners who are provided with a choice over an aspect of their practice environment to a group who are yoked to those choices. A qualitative review of the literature suggests an unambiguous benefit from self-controlled practice. A meta-analysis was conducted on the effects of self-controlled practice on retention test performance measures with a focus on assessing and potentially correcting for selection bias in the literature, such as publication bias and p-hacking. First, a naïve random effects model was fit to the data and a moderate benefit of self-controlled practice, g=.44 (k= 52,N= 3134,95%CI[.31, .56]), was found. Second, publication status was added to the model as a potential moderator, revealing a significant difference between published and unpublished findings, with only the former reporting a benefit of self-controlled practice. Third, to investigate and adjust for the impact of selectively reporting statistically significant results, a weight-function model was fit to the data with a one-tailed p-value cutpoint of .025. The weight-function model revealed substantial selection bias and estimated the true average effect of self-controlled practice as g=.107 (95%CI[.047, .18]). P-curve analyses were conducted on the statistically significant results published in the literature and the outcome suggested a lack of evidential value. Fourth, a suite of sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of these results, all of which converged on trivially small effect estimates. Overall, our results suggest the benefit of self-controlled practice on motor learning is small and not currently distinguishable from zero.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Pola Ritme Sebagai Strategi Peningkatan Kualitas Pembalajaran Mata Kuliah Instrumen Gitar di Jurusan Musik FSP ISI Yogyakarta

PROMUSIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Kustap Kustap ◽  
Ikhsan Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Interactive Model ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Rhythm Pattern

Pola ritme merupakan elemen musik utama yang berkaitan langsung dengan gerakan waktu dalam musik, di mana waktu selalu bergerak dan mengatur kestabilan rasa musikal. Pola ritme sangat mentukan ketepatan hitungan dalam permainan gitar tunggal, dan bermain anasambel gitar. Pola ritme merukan objek material penelitian sedangkan proses pelatihan pola rime dalam pembelajaran mata kuliah instrumen gitar merupakan objek formal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dan tindakan kelas dengan teknik pengupulan data triangulasi, sedangkan proses analisis data menggunakan model interaktif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah strategi latihan pola ritme yang disesuaikan dengan tanda sukat yang ada pada materi yang berupa lagu yang akan dilatih dengan instrumen gitar. moving and regulating musical stability. Rhythm patterns really determine the accuracy of counts in a single guitar game, and play guitar ensembles. Rhythm patterns are research material objects while the rime training process in learning guitar instrument subjects is a formal object. The method used in this study is a qualitative method and class action with the technique of collecting triangulation data, while the data analysis process uses an interactive model. The results obtained from this study are the rhythmic pattern training strategies that are tailored to the signs of sukat that are in the material in the form of songs that will be trained with guitar instruments.Keywords: Rhythm pattern; training; learning; guitar

Structural Stability within the Lateral Cerebellar Nucleus of the Rat Following Complex Motor Learning

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Kleim ◽  
Michelle A. Pipitone ◽  
Cheryl Czerlanis ◽  
William T. Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
Cerebellar Nucleus ◽  
Complex Motor

Focus of Attention Verbalizations in Beginning Band: A Multiple Case Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242942097363
Author(s):  
John E. Parsons ◽  
Amy L. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Beginning Band ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Complex Motor Skills

Although the effects of focus of attention (FOA) on the performance of gross motor skills are now well understood, less is known about the role of FOA in naturalistic classroom settings where learners are engaged in the ongoing acquisition and refinement of complex motor skills. The purpose of this study, the first of its kind, was to explore how music teachers focus learners’ attention on physical actions (internal focus) and on the effects of those actions (external focus). We recorded three experienced band directors teaching beginner classes (sixth graders) and completed a content analysis of video recordings to describe (a) teachers’ use of internally focused (IF) and externally focused (EF) verbalizations and (b) patterns among IF and EF verbalizations. These teachers most often directed student attention to internal aspects of performance, and they also paired IF and EF statements to clearly convey how those actions affect external outcomes. Although our descriptive multiple case study design precludes generalization, these data suggest possibilities for future studies that could explore relationships between teachers’ FOA verbalizations and skill development in music classrooms.

scholarly journals Effects of Multiple Sessions of Cathodal Priming and Anodal HD-tDCS on Visuo Motor Task Plateau Learning and Retention

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Besson ◽  
Makii Muthalib ◽  
Christophe De Vassoigne ◽  
Jonh Rothwell ◽  
Stephane Perrey
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Baseline Training ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

A single session of priming cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) prior to anodal tDCS (c-a-tDCS) allows cumulative effects on motor learning and retention. However, the impact of multiple sessions of c-a-tDCS priming on learning and retention remains unclear. Here, we tested whether multiple sessions of c-a-tDCS (over 3 consecutive days) applied over the left sensorimotor cortex can further enhance motor learning and retention of an already learned visuo-motor task as compared to anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) or sham. In a between group and randomized double-blind sham-controlled study design, 25 participants separated in 3 independent groups underwent 2 days of baseline training without tDCS followed by 3-days of training with both online and offline tDCS, and two retention tests (1 and 14 days later). Each training block consisted of five trials of a 60 s circular-tracing task intersected by 60 s rest, and performance was assessed in terms of speed–accuracy trade-off represented notably by an index of performance (IP). The main findings of this exploratory study were that multiple sessions of c-a-tDCS significantly further enhanced IP above baseline training levels over the 3 training days that were maintained over the 2 retention days, but these learning and retention performance changes were not significantly different from the sham group. Subtle differences in the changes in speed–accuracy trade-off (components of IP) between c-a-tDCS (maintenance of accuracy over increasing speed) and a-tDCS (increasing speed over maintenance of accuracy) provide preliminary insights to a mechanistic modulation of motor performance with priming and polarity of tDCS.

scholarly journals Sustainable Mountain Village Construction Adapted to Livelihood, Topography, and Hydrology: A Case of Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4619
Author(s):  
Zhengxu Zhou ◽  
Ziyu Jia ◽  
Nian Wang ◽  
Ming Fang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

A sustainable environment needs the effort and experience from both urban and rural areas. Some villages have achieved sustainability utilizing the concept of ecological stability. This paper takes the Dong villages in the Duliujiang River Basin in the Southeastern Guizhou as an example. Based on the anthropological “ethnographic text” and the morphological “village space information”, this paper analyzes the impact of the mountain rice livelihood model and different hydrological–topographic conditions on the spatial pattern of settlements, focusing on the sustainable construction wisdom. The findings are as follows: (1) Dong people’s migration follows the “River Valley–Mountain Valley–Mountain Slope” path, with maintenance of the rice livelihood model and, finally, derived from the “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” spatial pattern, the “Mountain–Water–(Pond)–Field–Forest–Village”, “Mountain–Water–Terrace–Forest–Village” settlement space patterns are formed. (2) The Dong’s settlements form a sustainable overall space. “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field” each play an ecological role and form an organic whole. Their management mechanism of utilizing limited natural resources has played an important management and supervision role. (3) The natural base of “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” is in accordance with their livelihood model and social culture, forming a unique ecosystem. It has become the basic environment for them to obtain survival sustenance, which still has prominent values today.

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