Titanium-Zirconium Binary Alloy as Dental Implant Material: Analysis of the Influence of Compositional Change on Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Biologic Response

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been suggested as an alternative to replace titanium as a dental implant material. However, PEEK's bioactivity and osseointegration are debatable. This review has systematically analyzed studies that have compared PEEK (or PEEK-based) implants with titanium implants so that its feasibility as a possible replacement for titanium can be determined. The focused question was: “Are the bioactivity and osseointegration of PEEK implants comparable to or better than titanium implants?” Using the key words “dental implant,” “implant,” “polyetheretherketone,” “PEEK,” and “titanium” in various combinations, the following databases were searched electronically: PubMED/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Database. 5 in vitro and 4 animal studies were included in the review. In 4 out of 5 in vitro studies, titanium exhibited more cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, osteoblast maturation, and osteogenesis compared to PEEK; one in vitro study observed comparable outcomes regardless of the implant material. In all animal studies, uncoated and coated titanium exhibited a more osteogenic behavior than did uncoated PEEK, while comparable bone-implant contact was observed in HA-coated PEEK and coated titanium implants. Unmodified PEEK is less osseoconductive and bioactive than titanium. Furthermore, the majority of studies had multiple sources of bias; hence, in its unmodified form, PEEK is unsuitable to be used as dental implant. Significantly more research and long-term trials must focus on improving the bioactivity of PEEK before it can be used as dental implant. More comparative animal and clinical studies are warranted to ascertain the potential of PEEK as a viable alternative to titanium.

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Studying Biomimetic Coated Niobium as an Alternative Dental Implant Material to Titanium (in vitro and in vivo study)

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.2018.15.3.0253 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

In Vivo Study ◽

Implant Material

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In vivo histomorphologically evaluate of the initial bone healing in geopolymer-carbonated apatite nanocomposites as a potential dental implant material

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol33no1.28899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Dahlia Sutanto ◽

Mieke Hemiawati Satari ◽

Bethy Suryawathy Hernowo ◽

Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto ◽

Rifki Septawendar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Dental Implant ◽

Bone Healing ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Carbonate Apatite ◽

Carbonated Apatite ◽

Woven Bone ◽

Implant Material ◽

Bone Response

Introduction: Dental implants have become more common treatment for replacing missing teeth. Titanium and zirconia have been widely applied as dental implant material because of their excellent biocompatibility and biomechanics properties. However, they are lack of biologically active surface that encourages osseointegration and their mechanical properties significant different from enamel and dentin value. Carbonate apatite Ca10(PO4)x(CO3)y(OH)z comprises a chemical composition closer to bone and enamel. Calcium phosphate are widely used as biomaterials, their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties have shown beneficial effect on bone osteogenesis. Geopolymers are ceramic-like inorganic polymers, they have excellent mechanical properties, bioactivity, biocompatibility, suitable for hard tissue prostheses, and environmentally friendly. The aim of the study was to evaluate the initial bone healing in geopolymer-carbonated apatite (CHA) nanocomposites. Methods: Geopolymer-CHA nanocomposites samples were prepared in cylinder of 3 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness and placed in the tibia of eight healthy male breeding New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.0 to 3.5 kg and 6 month aged. Experimental subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups for evaluating initial bone healing capability around samples to 14 and 28 days histomorphologically. Wilcoxon test was performed and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant, Minitab software version 13 was used. Result:Granulation tissue, woven, and lamellar bone were analyzed. Day 14 revealed a reactive bone formation, which was characterized by granulation tissue, fibroblasts were in an organized extracellular collagen matrix, osteoblast that directly laid out woven bone contained of immature osteoids, and immature osteocytes were observed. The formation of dense fibrocollagen connective tissue that would be the cartilage, osteoblasts, osteoids, and osteocytes showed more mature while woven bone became denser at day 28.Conclusion: Geopolymer-CHA nanocomposites was a potential dental implant material from mechanical and biological properties point of view.Keywords: Histomorphologically, initial bone response, geopolimer-carbonated apatite nanocomposites, dental implant material

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Studying Biomimetic Coated Niobium as an Alternative Dental Implant Material to Titanium (in vitro and in vivo study)

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.15.3.253-261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 253-261

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

Commercially Pure Titanium ◽

Removal Torque ◽

X Ray ◽

Commercially Pure ◽

Implant Material

Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) is widely used as dental implant material although it was found that titanium exhibited high modulus of elasticity and the lower corrosion tendency in oral environment. Niobium(Nb) was chosen for this study as an alternative to cpTi implant material due to its bioinert behavior and good elastic modulus and moderate cost in addition to corrosion resistance. This study was done to evaluate the effect of biomimetic coating on the surface properties of the commercially pure titanium and niobium implants by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The in vitro study was involved etching the samples of each material in HCl then soaking in 10M NaOH aqueous solution. These samples were then immersed in a 5 times concentrated simulated body fluid for 14 days. Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray, and X-Ray Diffraction tests were done to analyze surface changes. The in vivo study was done by the implantation of screw-shaped implants (two from each material, uncoated and the other was biomimetically coated) in the tibias of New Zealand rabbits. After 2 and 4 weeks of healing period, 20 rabbits were sacrificed for each period. A removal torque was done for ten animals in each group, whereas the other ten were used for histological testing and histomorphometric analysis with optical microscope.The in vitro experiments showed that the use of 14 days immersion in a concentrated simulated body fluid produced a layer of calcium phosphate on metal surfaces. The removal torque values and new bone formation were increased significantly in Nb than Ti, in coated than uncoated screws, and in 4 weeks than 2 weeks healing periods. The Nb implants had better biomechanical and biological properties than the commercially pure titanium implants and can be used as an alternative dental implant.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–15Zr alloy used as dental implant material

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 384-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Alexander E. Medvedev ◽

Andrey Molotnikov ◽

Rimma Lapovok ◽

Rolf Zeller ◽

Simon Berner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Dental Implant ◽

Implant Material ◽

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties

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In vitro and in vivo studies on Ti-based bulk metallic glass as potential dental implant material

Materials Science and Engineering C ◽

10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.038 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 3489-3497 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Y.B. Wang ◽

H.F. Li ◽

Y. Cheng ◽

Y.F. Zheng ◽

L.Q. Ruan

Keyword(s):

Metallic Glass ◽

Bulk Metallic Glass ◽

Dental Implant ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Implant Material

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Characterization and Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite-ZrO2 Composites with Commercial Inert Glass (CIG) Addition

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.631.166 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 631 ◽

pp. 166-172

Author(s):

B. Bulut ◽

N. Demirkol ◽

Ziya Engin Erkmen ◽

E.S. Kayali

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Dental Implant ◽

Compression Strength ◽

Vickers Microhardness ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Main Component

Hydroxyapatite is a kind of calcium phosphate that has generated great interest as an advanced orthopedic and dental implant candidate. Although HA has excellent biocompatibility, it’s poor mechanical properties limit its use as an implant material. Therefore HA is preferred as a main component in composite materials. The aim of this study is to determine the characterization and bioactivity of HA-ZrO2composites with the addition of 5 and 10 wt% commercial inert glass (CIG). The highest density and Vickers microhardness were obtained in HA-ZrO2-5 wt% CIG composite sintered at 1300 °C. The highest compression strength was measured in HA-ZrO2-5 wt% CIG composite sintered at 1200 °C. Thein vitrobioactivity tests were performed on the composites having the highest physical and mechanical properties. The apatite formation was observed on all samples subjected to bioactivity tests. As a result, the optimum mechanical properties and bioactivity were obtained on HA-ZrO2- 5 wt% CIG composite sintered at 1200 °C.

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Stable sol–gel hydroxyapatite coating on zirconia dental implant for improved osseointegration

Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10856-021-06550-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Jinyoung Kim ◽

In-Gu Kang ◽

Kwang-Hee Cheon ◽

Sungmi Lee ◽

Suhyung Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Nanoporous Structure ◽

Ha Coating ◽

Implant Material ◽

Varied Temperature

AbstractAside from being known for its excellent mechanical properties and aesthetic effect, zirconia has recently attracted attention as a new dental implant material. Many studies have focused on hydroxyapatite (HA) coating for obtaining improved biocompatibility, however the coating stability was reduced by a byproduct produced during the high-temperature sintering process. In this study, to overcome this problem, we simply coated the zirconia surface with a sol–gel-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) layer and then sintered it at a varied temperature (<1000 °C). The surface showed a nanoporous structure, and there was no crystalline phase other than HA and zirconia when the sintering temperature was 800 °C. The adhesion strength of the HA layer (>40 MPa) was also appropriate as a dental implant application. In addition, in vitro cell experiments using a preosteoblast cell line revealed that the HA-coated zirconia surface acts as a preferable surface for cell attachment and proliferation than bare zirconia surface. In vivo animal experiments also demonstrated that the osteoconductivity of zirconia were dramatically enhanced by HA coating, which was comparable to that of Ti implant. These results suggest that the sol–gel-based HA-coated zirconia has a great potential for use as a dental implant material.

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