The Impact of Civil Gang Injunctions on Networked Violence Between the Bloods and the Crips

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Bichler ◽  
Alexis Norris ◽  
Jared R. Dmello ◽  
Jasmin Randle
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Gang Violence ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Dynamic Web ◽  
Gang Injunctions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Comparing the centrality of gangs and changing structure in attack behavior, this study examines the effects of civil gang injunctions (CGIs) on violence involving 23 gangs (seven Bloods and 16 Crips) operating in Southern California. We mapped violence networks by linking defendants and victims named in 272 court cases prosecuted in the City of Los Angeles (1997-2015), involving at least one conviction for a violent crime and a defendant tried as an adult. The results show that a small number of gangs are centrally located in a dynamic web of non-reciprocated conflict that exhibited complex hierarchical structures. These results raise four implications for combating gang violence.

scholarly journals Evolving Patterns of Aggression: Investigating the Structure of Gang Violence during the Era of Civil Gang Injunctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Gisela Bichler ◽  
Alexis Norris ◽  
Citlalik Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Transitive Closure ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Gang Injunctions ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Mapping the structural characteristics of attack behavior, this study explores how violent conflict evolved with the implementation of civil gang injunctions (CGIs). Networks were generated by linking defendants and victims named in 963 prosecutions involving street gangs active in the City of Los Angeles (1998–2013). Aggregating directed ties to 318 groups associated with the combatants, we compare four observations that correspond with distinct phases of CGI implementation—development (1998–2001), assent (2002–2005), maturity (2006–2009), and saturation (2010–2013). Using a triad census to calculate a ratio of simple patterns (retaliation, directed lines, and out-stars) to complex three-way interactions, we observed that CGIs were associated with a substantive thickening of conflict—greater complexity was found in conflict relations over time. Dissecting the nature of change, stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) show that enjoined gangs are more likely to initiate transitive closure. The findings suggest that crime control efforts must make regular adjustments in response to the evolving structure of gang interactions.

The Relationship between Socioeconomic Factors and Gang Violence in the City of Los Angeles

1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrios N. Kyriacou ◽  
H. Range Hutson ◽  
Deirdre Anglin ◽  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Jess F. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Gang Violence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The Impact of Structural Disadvantage on the Gender-Gap and Sex-Specific Rates of Nonlethal Violent Victimization

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ráchael A. Powers ◽  
Alyssa W. Chamberlain ◽  
Lyndsay N. Boggess
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Structural Disadvantage ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This study examined the gendered impact of structural disadvantage and economic inequality on two forms of nonlethal victimization (assault and robbery). Compared with research on the gendered impact of structural disadvantage on perpetration, few studies have examined the differential susceptibility of men and women’s risk of victimization. We use data from the City of Los Angeles (2001-2007) to examine the relative influence of neighborhood characteristics on both the gender gap in victimization as well as sex-specific measures of assault and robbery victimization. In general, we largely find that neighborhood disadvantage and economic inequality do little to explain the gender gap in victimization; however, structure plays a more significant role in understanding sex-specific victimization rates, but the relationship varies by crime type.

The City as Studio; The World as Back Lot: The Impact of Vertical Disintegration on the Location of the Motion Picture Industry

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Christopherson ◽  
M Storper
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Motion Picture ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Motion Picture Industry ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Vertical Disintegration ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Motion picture production is currently carried out by small firms under contract to an independent producer rather than in large integrated firms, the major studios. In this paper the emergence of this vertically disintegrated industry is traced and its impact on the location of the motion picture industry is analyzed. Vertical disintegration has led to a reagglomeration of motion picture employment and establishments in Los Angeles, despite the dispersal of film shooting throughout the world. The processes that are shaping the present-day organization of motion pictures can be observed across a range of industries. An examination of these processes in motion pictures suggests that their association with reagglomeration in urban centers could have an important impact on patterns of urbanization.

Assessing Impact of Bus Traffic on Pavement Maintenance Costs: City of Los Angeles

2003 ◽  
Vol 1853 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
M. Y. Shahin ◽  
James A. Crovetti ◽  
Kurt A. Keifer
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Pavement Condition ◽  
Pavement Maintenance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Engineers for the city of Los Angeles have observed that lanes carrying Mass Transit Authority (MTA) bus traffic deteriorate at a faster rate than similar lanes without bus traffic. The increased rate of deterioration results in greater maintenance costs in these lanes. To properly apportion the increased maintenance costs, city engineers need an objective method for quantifying the impact of MTA bus traffic. Multiple evaluation techniques are presented that may be used to quantify the effect of buses in terms of increased deterioration rates and greater rehabilitation costs. State-of-the-art techniques that use the results of deflection testing and pavement condition surveys are presented. Data collection procedures, methods for condition and structural analyses, and life-cycle costing procedures are provided. A case study that uses data collected from the city is presented. This study indicates an average yearly additional maintenance cost of $800 per lane-mile caused by MTA bus traffic, excluding associated costs for curb and gutter or maintenance hole adjustments.

scholarly journals Socio-economic factors of high trash generation in the city of Los Angeles

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-417
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Liang ◽  
Mi-Hyun Park ◽  
Michael K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Final Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Trash is one of major pollutants in urban runoff. Some studies have been conducted to verify the different impacts of land use on trash generation in a qualitative way and focused on the performance of trash control measures. Few studies have explored the human impacts on trash generation or developed a quantitative model to describe the phenomenon. This paper examined the impact of human activity on trash generation. Spatial regimes on high trash generation areas were identified using the selected variables from best subset model regression and validated with Moran's I scatter plot and spatial analysis of variance. Bidirectional spatial lag regression with regimes was performed to develop the final model to explain the spatial distribution of trash generation and identify its major causes. The result showed that economic status and occupation of the population were correlated with trash accumulation and the dominant land use type, and the distance to rivers most affected trash generation. The effects of these indicators were different within and outside the high trash generation areas.

From Grease to Gas: Anaerobic Digestion of Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) at the Hyperion Treatment Plant

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Palacios ◽  
Steven S. Fan ◽  
Hansong Lee ◽  
Michael A. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Oils And Grease

Anaerobic digestion of high-strength organic wastes, such as Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) has become increasingly popular among wastewater treatment facilities in Southern California [1]. In 2010, the City of Los Angeles’ Hyperion Treatment Plant started running its own FOG Digestion Pilot Project. The project injects processed grease trap wastewater (FOG) into one of 16 anaerobic digesters at the facility. A partnership was formed between the Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) and Baker Commodities, Inc., a Grease rendering company located in the City of Vernon. They provide processed grease trap wastewater (FOG) to the pilot project. The plan was to load the digester with increasing amounts of FOG and observe the impact. The parameters monitored in the digester during the test are volatile acids, pH, alkalinity, temperature, and gas production in the digester. The pilot project’s objective was to obtain a 10 to 20% increase in gas production. So far those expectations have been exceeded.

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