The Effect of Accelerated Certification Procedures on Union Organizing Success in Ontario

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Thomason
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Union Organizing ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Union Support

Several observers have argued that one reason for higher union density in Canada than in the United States is that union certification procedures are considerably less time-consuming in Canada. This study tests that claim through an analysis of data on employer unfair labor practices and the outcome of union certification applications in Ontario from 1982 through 1990. The author finds that employer unfair labor practices reduced union support in certification campaigns in Ontario, but their effect is far less significant than that found in studies of the certification process in the United States.

scholarly journals Union Effects on Health Insurance Provision and Coverage in the United States

ILR Review ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Buchmueller ◽  
John Dinardo ◽  
Robert G. Valletta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Private Sector Union

During the past two decades, union density has declined in the United States and employer provision of health benefits has changed substantially in extent and form. Using individual survey data spanning the years 1983–97 combined with employer survey data for 1993, the authors update and extend previous analyses of private-sector union effects on employer-provided health benefits. They find that the union effect on health insurance coverage rates has fallen somewhat but remains large, due to an increase over time in the union effect on employee “take-up” of offered insurance, and that declining unionization explains 20–35% of the decline in employee health coverage. The increasing union take-up effect is linked to union effects on employees' direct costs for health insurance and the availability of retiree coverage.

scholarly journals Trade and Strike Activity in the Postwar United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
M. Rodwan Abouharb ◽  
Benjamin O. Fordham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Bargaining Positions

This paper examines the effect of international trade on strike activity within the United States since World War II. Globalization may influence strike activity through its effects on the bargaining position of labor. Alternatively, if labor and management take their changed bargaining positions into account, the rate of change in openness could create greater uncertainty in negotiations between them and lead to more strikes as a result. Empirical analysis of strike activity in the 50 states over this period supports the argument concerning uncertainty in the bargaining process. Import competition may also indirectly reduce strike activity by decreasing union density.

“You Know if You Quit, That’s Failure, Right?”: Barriers to Professional Lactation Certification

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Certification Process

Background: Researchers have confirmed that breastfeeding disparities persist and that International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) play a key role in reducing them. However, there continues to be a limited availability of IBCLCs throughout the United States, with racial minorities facing persistent barriers during the certification process. Research aim: Using a critical race theory framework, the aim was to describe the barriers and supports that IBCLCs experience during the course of their certification. Methods: This study used a prospective, cross-sectional, qualitative design with semistructured interviews with IBCLCs ( N = 36) from across the United States. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Results were analyzed using an in-depth thematic analysis from the perspective of critical race theory. Results: Women made up the majority ( n = 35; 97.22%) of the sample. People of color made up slightly less than half of the sample ( n = 16; 44.44%). Barriers were initially coded by the stages of the certification process. Existing healthcare providers experienced advantages in the certification process because of their connection to social networks and resources in their hospital or place of employment. Cost and racial discrimination were identified, using a structural racism lens, as primary barriers for certification. Race-related barriers were particularly pervasive and were detailed by each stage of the certification process. Conclusion: Lactation organizations and care providers need to consider ways to mitigate these perceived differences in support and infrastructure. These changes could help to ensure equity in the profession and may reduce racial discrimination in lactation care.

Labor's Enduring Divide: The Distinct Path of Public Sector Unions in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Sector Union ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Public Sector Unions

Why did public sector unionization rise so dramatically and then plateau at the same time as private sector unionization underwent a precipitous decline? The exclusion of public sector employees from the centerpiece of private sector labor law—the 1935 Wagner Act—divided U.S. labor law and relegated public sector demand-making to the states. Consequently, public sector employees' collective bargaining rights were slow to develop and remain geographically concentrated, unequal and vulnerable. Further, divided labor law put the two movements out of alignment; private sector union density peaked nearly a decade before the first major statutes granting public sector collective bargaining rights passed. As a result of this incongruent timing and sequencing, the United States has never had a strong union movement comprised of both sectors at the height of their membership and influence.

scholarly journals Re-conceptualising Labour Market Regulationin Australia and New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
Regulatory Functions

This paper seeks to broaden traditional assumptions that the study of industrial relations makes about regulation. Industrial relations researchers have been interested in institutional regulation since the Webbs and Commons examined the development of unions, minimum standards and collective bargaining in the United Kingdom and the United States. This tradition provides a narrow conception of institutions as structures rather than processes, norms, rituals or habits. A contemporary manifestation of this narrow conception is the preoccupation of industrial relations researchers with changing institutional structures, such as declining levels of trade union density and the decentralization of bargaining structures. Often overlooked in such analyses are important questions about the functions institutions perform, and how these functions endure in times of institutional change. This paper outlines changes to the Australian and New Zealand systems of industrial relations from the 1990s, and examines how the systems' traditional regulatory functions continue 10 be performed following the introduction of new institutions and bargaining structures.

U.S. Coast Guard Regulation of Passenger-Carrying Submersibles

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 324-338
Author(s):  
Steve Johnson ◽  
Brian Salerno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Council ◽  
United States Virgin Islands ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
Passenger Vessel

Passenger-carrying submersibles have been certified by the Coast Guard for operations in the United States Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and Guam. Although subject to the Coast Guard small passenger vessel regulations, 46 CFR Subchapter T, submersibles are not specifically addressed in the regulations. The Coast Guard does have a background in submersible safety based on past efforts to regulate industrial and research submersibles and interaction with the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), which has been classing submersibles for many years and has classed all passenger submersibles to date. The certification process developed for these unique vessels evolved during the certification of Atlantis III, the first U.S. passenger submersible. Several designers, builders, and operators have entered the market and the business is steadily expanding into new areas of operation worldwide. The Coast Guard has initiated two major studies by the Department of Transportation and the National Research Council to ensure that this new maritime business is carefully analyzed for the safety of passengers and crew.

scholarly journals Unionism in Canada and the United States in the 21st Century

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Rose ◽  
Gary N. Chaison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
Recent Developments

Summary Based on a review and comparison of recent developments in organizing, collective bargaining and political action, this paper considers the potential for union revival in Canada and the United States. Although unions have devoted considerable energy and resources to new initiatives, the overall evidence leads us to generally pessimistic conclusions. The level and direction of union density rates indicates the two labour movements lack the institutional frameworks and public policies to achieve sustained revival. Significant gains in union membership and density levels will require nothing less than a paradigm shift in the industrial relations systems—a broadening of the scope and depth of membership recruitment, workplace representation and political activities.

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