The Spillover Effect of Recreational Marijuana Legalization on Crime: Evidence From Neighboring States of Colorado and Washington State

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangzhen Wu ◽  
Francis D. Boateng ◽  
Xiaodong Lang
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
Recreational Marijuana ◽  
Reduction Effect

An ongoing debate exists about the implications of recreational marijuana legalization to public safety. One important public concern is how recreational marijuana legalization may affect crime in neighboring states that have not legalized. Based on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from 2003 to 2017, this study used difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to examine the potential spillover effect of recreational marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington State, with a special focus on the examination of the changes in the rates of a variety of crimes in the border counties of neighboring states relative to the nonborder counties in these states following Colorado’s and Washington’s legalization. Results provide some evidence suggesting a spillover crime reduction effect of legalization, as reflected by the significant decreases in the rates of property crime, larceny, and simple assault in the Colorado region that includes six neighboring states. Results also suggest that the effects of marijuana legalization on crime in neighboring states vary based on crime type and state.

Maternal Marijuana Exposure and Birth Weight: An Observational Study Surrounding Recreational Marijuana Legalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 065-075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Straub ◽  
Jin Mou ◽  
Kathryn J. Drennan ◽  
Bethann M. Pflugeisen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Urine Drug Screen ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Recreational Marijuana ◽  
Good Samaritan Hospital ◽  
Infant Birth ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective This study aimed to study the relationship between prenatal marijuana and infant birth weight using natural cohorts established before, during and after the 20-month lapse between legalization and legal recreational sales in Washington State. Study Design Over 5 years, 5,343 pregnant women with documented urine drug screen (UDS) results delivered at Tacoma General Hospital or Good Samaritan Hospital. Maternal medical data were extracted for three delivery cohorts established based on before (T1), during (T2), and after legalization (T3) of recreational marijuana and legalized availability. Univariate and multivariate models were created to study marijuana exposure on infants' birth weight. Results Marijuana exposure increased the risk of low birth weight (LBW; odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.01). This was more pronounced in full-term babies (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.10–2.69), and was independently associated with a higher risk for small for gestational age (SGA; OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.49–1.53). The associations between marijuana exposure and SGA were maintained in cohort-specific models (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01–2.32 for T2, and OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01–2.02 for T3, respectively). Conclusion Marijuana exposure verified by UDS was associated with LBW and SGA. However, recreational marijuana legalization and availability did not have direct impact on newborns' risk of LBW or SGA.

Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110449
Author(s):  
Meen Hye Lee ◽  
Yeoun Soo Kim-Godwin ◽  
Hyungjo Hur
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Youth Risk Behavior Survey ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Policy Environments ◽  
Recreational Marijuana ◽  
Analysis Models

Alaska and Hawaii, the only 2 noncontiguous states in the United States, have different marijuana policy environments. Alaska enacted recreational marijuana legalization (RML) in 2014, whereas recreational marijuana is still illegal in Hawaii. This study analyzed how RML affects adolescents’ marijuana use (MU) by comparing 2 states. We used data from 2 states (Alaska and Hawaii) from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009 to 2019 years (N = 35 467). The trends of lifetime MU and current MU were examined. Using difference-in-differences analysis models, this study investigated whether RML increased lifetime and current MU in Alaska compared with Hawaii after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics. Both lifetime and current MU prevalence among adolescents in Alaska increased after RML, while both rates in Hawaii gradually decreased. The rate of lifetime MU in Alaska was significantly increased after RML (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29) compared with Hawaii. Similarly, the current MU among adolescents in Alaska was significantly increased compared with that in Hawaii (OR = 1.34). Both lifetime and current MU were increased following RML in Alaska, suggesting that RML may affect the increase of MU among adolescents.

scholarly journals Marijuana Policy Opinions in Washington State Since Legalization

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sabina Subbaraman ◽  
William C. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Random Digit ◽  
Random Digit Dial ◽  
Recreational Marijuana ◽  
Personal Use ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
The Relationship

Background: In 2012, voters in Washington state approved Initiative 502 (I-502) which legalized recreational marijuana use at the state level. This study examines the relationship between demographics, marijuana and alcohol use, and voting outcomes, as well as how these variables relate to (i) whether voters would still vote the same way (a reflection of satisfaction with the new policy) and (ii) the likelihood of using marijuana purchased from legal retail stores. Methods: The sample consists of 2,007 adult Washington state residents recruited through Random Digit Dial between January and October 2014. Bivariate tests and multivariable regressions were used for analyses. Results: Less than 5% of those who voted for marijuana legalization would change their votes, whereas 14% of those who voted against legalization would change their votes. In multivariable models controlling for demographics, substance use, and marijuana-related opinions, those who voted for legalization had half the odds of changing their votes than those who voted against it. Among past-year nonmarijuana users, almost 10% were somewhat/very likely to use marijuana if they could buy it from a legal store. Past marijuana use, the belief that adults should be allowed to grow marijuana for personal use, and the belief that marijuana is not very risky for health were all related to increased likelihood of using marijuana purchased from legal stores. Conclusion: Since November 2012, support for marijuana legalization in Washington state has increased; accounting for the proportion of voters who would change their votes suggests that I-502 would pass today with even more votes in favor.

scholarly journals The Impact of the First Professional Police Forces on Crime*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bindler ◽  
Randi Hjalmarsson
Keyword(s):  
Property Crime ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Police Forces

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect on crime of creating a fundamental modern-day institution: centralized professional police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police – the first professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-in-differences and pre-post designs, we find evidence of a significant reduction in violent crimes (despite the possibility of off-setting increases in clearance and reporting rates). In contrast, a reduction in property crime is not visible

Keeping Up With the Joneses: Role of CSR Awards in Incentivizing Non-Winners’ CSR

2020 ◽  
pp. 000765032098227
Author(s):  
Jiangyan Li ◽  
Juelin Yin ◽  
Wei Shi ◽  
Xiwei Yi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Competitive Dynamics ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
The Media ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Meaningful Event

We attempt to provide a novel antecedent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by focusing on the role of CSR awards. Specifically, we investigate how competitors’ winning CSR awards incentivize non-winning firms’ CSR as a competitive catch-up. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we find that non-winners improve their CSR after their competitors have won CSR awards. Furthermore, based on the awareness-motivation-capability (AMC) framework from the competitive dynamics literature, we find that the media visibility of award winners, the performance gap of non-winners with award winners, and the prior CSR of non-winners strengthen the CSR competitive catch-up behaviors. Findings from this study contribute to the CSR research by highlighting the spillover effect of CSR awards as a meaningful event in incentivizing non-winning firms’ CSR and extending the AMC framework to explain the contingency factors of competitive catch-up in the context of CSR research.

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