Measuring Reading Complexity and Listening Comprehension of Canadian Police Cautions

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Eastwood ◽  
Brent Snook ◽  
Sarah J. Chaulk
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Sentence Complexity ◽  
Police Organizations ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cutoff Levels

The reading complexity and listening comprehension of Canadian police cautions were measured. In Study 1, the complexity of 44 unique Canadian police cautions was assessed using five readability measures (Flesch-Kincaid reading level, sentence complexity, use of difficult words, use of infrequent words, and number of words). Results showed that 7 (37%) of the right-to-silence cautions ( n = 19) and none of the right-to-legal-counsel cautions ( n = 25) reached acceptable cutoff levels for all five measures. In Study 2, university students ( N = 121) were presented with one of three cautions verbally and were asked to explain its meaning. Despite variations in complexity across the three cautions, participants understood approximately one third of the information contained in the cautions. The extent to which the needs of Canadian suspects and police organizations are being met and the validity of reading complexity as a predictor of listening comprehension are discussed.

scholarly journals Awareness and comprehension of the right to silence in Queensland, Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry Kidd ◽  
Kim Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Far North ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
The Right

Awareness and comprehension of the Queensland Police Service (QPS) caution was investigated in a group (N = 140) of university students in Queensland, Australia. Awareness was measured before participants were shown and read aloud the QPS caution; comprehension was then assessed. Participants also completed the Australian Legal Awareness Questionnaire (ALAQ) to ascertain their knowledge of legal matters more generally. The results show that participants were generally unaware of their legal rights and had difficulty comprehending the right to silence caution. Overall, the study demonstrates that while many participants reported understanding the QPS caution, the reality is that most did not. This is a concerning outcome considering that people already marginalised by virtue of lower education and literacy levels (many Indigenous Australians residing in Far North Queensland, for example) are further seriously disadvantaged by failing to comprehend the police caution.

scholarly journals Optimal Installation Location of Escape Route Signs at T-Type Intersections

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7903
Author(s):  
Young-Hoon Bae ◽  
Jong-Yeong Son ◽  
Ryun-Seok Oh ◽  
Hye-Kyoung Lee ◽  
Yoon-Ha Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
University Students ◽  
Simon Effect ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Escape Route ◽  
Emergency Evacuations ◽  
The Right

This study analyzed the decision-making times (DMTs) of participants at T-type indoor intersections according to the horizontal/vertical installation locations and the arrow directions of escape route signs. A total of 120 university students participated in the study. We analyzed the DMTs and following rates (FRs) required for the participants to observe the visual stimuli of the signs installed in front of the T-type indoor intersections and then properly select a path according to the arrow direction of the signs. The results are as follows: (1) the participants exhibited shorter DMTs for the right arrow direction of the signs, (2) the Simon effect occurred when the horizontal installation location of the signs was more than 60 cm away from the center of the T-type indoor intersection on both sides, (3) the DMTs of participants increased when the vertical installation location of the signs was low. Finally, we proposed an optimal installation location of the signs to support the shortest DMTs at T-type indoor intersections. It is expected that the results of this study will provide a database of DMTs, based on the locations of the signs during emergency evacuations, and will be utilized to improve the installation guidelines and regulations of signs.

The Effect of Set on the Two-Point Tactual Threshold

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anima Sen
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Adaptation Level ◽  
Critical Stimulus ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Longitudinal Line ◽  
Adaptation Level Theory ◽  
The Right

This experiment studies the influence of set on the two-point tactual threshold. The two-point limen (critical stimulus) was determined along the mid-longitudinal line of both volar and dorsal surfaces of the right forearms of seven university students. Test-stimuli were selected at 3 mm. steps both up and down from each of the critical stimuli. Each of these test-stimuli was presented separately, the critical stimulus being interpolated 30 times in each test of the series. The proportions of two-point and one-point responses to the critical stimulus were then determined again in a control series. It was found that, as the test-stimulus deviated in the positive direction from the critical stimulus, the proportion of two-point responses to the critical stimulus increased, reached a maximum and then began to decline. A similar rise and fall in one-point responses were found in the opposite direction. The results were explained by Adaptation Level Theory.

scholarly journals The Economics of Rights: Does the Right to Counsel Increase Crime?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itai Ater ◽  
Yehonatan Givati ◽  
Oren Rigbi
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
The Right

We examine the broad consequences of the right to counsel by exploiting a legal reform in Israel that extended the right to publicly provided legal counsel to suspects in arrest proceedings. Using the staggered regional rollout of the reform, we find that the reform reduced arrest duration and the likelihood of arrestees being charged. We also find that the reform reduced the number of arrests made by the police. Lastly, we find that the reform increased crime. These findings indicate that the right to counsel improves suspects ' situation, but discourages the police from making arrests, which results in higher crime. (JEL K10, K41, K42)

THE ADJUDICATION OF HOMICIDE IN COLONIAL GHANA: THE IMPACT OF THE KNOWLES MURDER CASE

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER GOCKING
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Official ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Capital Crimes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTIn keeping with the law in place in the Colony of Ashanti in 1928, Dr Benjamin Knowles was tried and convicted for the murder of his wife without the benefit of a jury trial or the assistance of legal counsel. His trial and sentencing to death created outrage in both colonial Ghana and the metropole, and placed a spotlight on the adjudication of capital crimes in the colony. Inevitably, there were calls for reform of a system that could condemn an English government official to death without the benefit of the right to trial by a jury of his peers and counsel of his choice. Shortly after the Knowles trial, the colonial government did open up Ashanti to lawyers, and introduced other changes in the administration of criminal justice, but continued to refuse the introduction of jury trial. Nevertheless, the lasting impact of the Knowles trial was to make criminal adjudication in Ashanti, if anything, more lenient than the other area of colonial Ghana, the Gold Coast Colony.

UPGRADE YOUR LISTENING COMPREHENSION : STUDENT'S BOOK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vershinina ◽  
Darya Gerasimenko ◽  
Elena Lioznova ◽  
Aleksandra Sentemova
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
University Students ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Speaking Skills ◽  
Authentic Video

This textbook provides an effective tool for learners of English who want to upgrade their listening comprehension and speaking skills and broaden their vocabulary. It contains a lot of well-structured and useful exercises based on authentic videos. The publication is intended for non-commercial educational purposes only. We recommend the textbook for high-school and university students and all those who want to study English using authentic video materials.

scholarly journals GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHT TO SILENCE AND OF THE RIGHT NOT TO CONTRIBUTE TO ONE’S OWN INCRIMINATION IN ROMANIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (83) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Carmen Adriana Domocos
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Right

The Romanian legislation establishes in the new penal procedure law the right to silence and the right of non-incrimination of the defendant in the criminal trial.The right to silence (to remain silent) is the implicit procedural guarantee of the right to a fair trial, which results from the case law of the European Court of Justice within the meaning of Article 6 paragraph 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, according to which judicial authorities cannot oblige a perpetrator (suspected of having committed a criminal offence), a suspect or a defendant to make statements, while having, however, a limited power to draw conclusions against them, from their refusal to make statements.Therefore, the right to silence involves not only the right not to testify against oneself, but also the right of the suspect or defendant not to incriminate oneself. The suspect or defendant cannot be compelled to assist in the production of evidence and cannot be sanctioned for failing to provide certain documents or other evidence. Obligation to testify against personal will, under the constraint of a fine or any other form of coercion constitutes an interference with the negative aspect of the right to freedom of expression which must be necessary in a democratic Romanian society.The right not to contribute to one’s own incrimination (the privilege against self-incrimination) is the implicit procedural guarantee of the right to a fair trial, which results from the case law of the European Court of Justice within the meaning of Article 6 paragraph 1 of the European Convention, according to which judicial bodies or any other state authority cannot oblige a perpetrator (suspected of having committed a criminal offence), a suspect, a defendant or a witness to cooperate by providing evidence which might incriminate him or which could constitute the basis for a new criminal charge. It is essential to clarify certain issues as far as this right is concerned.

scholarly journals Regional Legal Assistance

Rechtsidee ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul Fatah
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aid Policy

Legal aid policy in the area carried out on several considerations including: Implementation of the authority given to the legal aid act, granting the guarantee and protection of access to justice and equality before the law in the area, equitable distribution of justice and increase public awareness and understanding of the law, and legal implications that accompanied the emergence of the right to legal counsel without pay and the right to choose the legal settlement. How To Cite Fatah, A. (2015). Regional Legal Assistance. Rechtsidee, 2(1), 1-10. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v2i1.7

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