scholarly journals Accounting for standard errors of measurement when modeling change

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Grimm ◽  
Kimberly Fine ◽  
Gabriela Stegmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Item Response Modeling ◽  
Estimation Of Model Parameters ◽  
Observed Score ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Standard Errors Of Measurement

Modeling within-person change over time and between-person differences in change over time is a primary goal in prevention science. When modeling change in an observed score over time with multilevel or structural equation modeling approaches, each observed score counts toward the estimation of model parameters equally. However, observed scores can differ in terms of their precision—both within and across participants. We propose an approach to weight observed scores by their level of precision, which is estimated as the inverse of their standard error of measurement in the context of item response modeling. Thus, scores with lower standard errors of measurement have greater weight, and scores with higher standard errors of measurement are down weighted. We discuss the weighting approaches and illustrate how to apply this approach with commonly available software. We then compare this approach to modeling change without weighting based on standard errors of measurement.

Age and gender differences in socially aversive (“dark”) personality traits

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702098843
Author(s):  
Johanna Hartung ◽  
Martina Bader ◽  
Morten Moshagen ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Latent Means

The strong overlap of personality traits discussed under the label of “dark personality” (e.g., psychopathy, spitefulness, moral disengagement) endorses a common framework for socially aversive traits over and beyond the dark triad. Despite the rapidly growing research on socially aversive traits, there is a lack of studies addressing age-associated differences in these traits. In the present study ( N = 12,501), we investigated the structure of the D Factor of Personality across age and gender using local structural equation modeling, thereby expressing the model parameters as a quasi-continuous, nonparametric function of age. Specifically, we evaluated loadings, reliabilities, factor (co-)variances, and means across 35 locally weighted age groups (from 20 to 54 years), separately for females and males. Results indicated that measurement models were highly stable, thereby supporting the conceptualization of the D factor independent of age and gender. Men exhibited uniformly higher latent means than females and all latent means decreased with increasing age. Overall, D and its themes were invariant across age and gender. Therefore, future studies can meaningfully pursue causes of mean differences across age and between genders.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Multimorbidity Resilience and Health Outcomes Over Time in Community-Residing Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 890-891
Author(s):  
Yingzhi Xu ◽  
Zahra Rahmaty ◽  
Eleanor McConnell ◽  
Tingzhong (Michelle) Xue ◽  
Bada Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Pain Level ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Multimorbidity resilience may mitigate the adverse effects of multiple chronic diseases on older adults’ health. Wister et al.’s (2018) multimorbidity resilience index was developed and tested in a cross-sectional sample of older adults in Canada. Building on these findings, we examined the reciprocal relationships of resilience on outcomes to test these potentially mitigating effects in a community-based, U.S. sample of older adults over time. The study sample includes 1,054 older adults from waves 2 and 3 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) study (Waite et al 2020). Wister et al.’s (2018) index was mapped to NSHAP measures, and reciprocal relationships of multimorbidity resilience and health outcomes over a 5-year period was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated significant effects of multimorbidity resilience on self-rated physical health and pain. Interestingly, a better functional resilience at baseline conferred better self-rated physical health at follow-up, while better psychological resilience predicted lower pain level. By contrast, the influence of health outcomes on any domain of multimorbidity resilience was not detectable at all, supporting the direction of these associations from resilience to outcomes. The study systematically investigated the dynamic hypotheses between multimorbidity resilience and health outcomes. That is, whether they are determinants or consequences, or both. Our findings suggest multimorbidity resilience predicts subsequent 5-year change in health outcomes, especially self-rated physical health and pain level, but not vice versa, strengthening the evidence of the importance of resilience in the health of older adults.

Correlated personality change across time and age

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110140
Author(s):  
Gabriel Olaru ◽  
Mathias Allemand
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Lifespan

The goal of this study was to examine differential and correlated change in personality across the adult lifespan. Studying differential and correlated change can help understand whether intraindividual trait change trajectories deviate from the norm and how these trajectories are coupled with each other. We used data from two large longitudinal panel studies from the United States that covered a total age range of 20 to 95 years on the first measurement occasion. We used correlated factor models and bivariate latent change score models to examine the rank-order stability and correlations between change across three measurement waves covering 18 years ( N = 3250) and four measurement waves covering 12 years ( N = 4145). We examined the moderation effects of continuous age on these model parameters using local structural equation modeling. The results suggest that the test–retest correlations decrease with increasing time between measurements but are unaffected by participants’ age. We found that change processes in Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were strongly related, particularly in late adulthood. Correlated change patterns were highly stable across time intervals and similar to the initial cross-sectional Big Five correlations. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for personality development research.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Relationships Between Subjective Cognitive Decline and Objective Memory: Depressive Symptoms Mediate Between-Person Associations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Nikki L. Hill ◽  
Sakshi Bhargava ◽  
Emily Bratlee-Whitaker ◽  
Jennifer R. Turner ◽  
Monique J. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Over Time

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early indicator of cognitive impairment, but depressive symptoms can confound this relationship. Associations may be influenced by differences between individuals (i.e., between-persons) or how each individual changes in their experiences over time (i.e., within-persons). Objective: We examined depressive symptoms as a mediator of the between- and within-person associations of SCD and objective memory in older adults. Methods: Coordinated analyses were conducted across four datasets drawn from large longitudinal studies. Samples (range: n = 1,889 to n = 15,841) included participants 65 years of age or older with no dementia at baseline. We used multilevel structural equation modeling to examine the mediation of SCD and objective memory through depressive symptoms, as well as direct relationships among SCD, objective memory, and depressive symptoms. Results: Older adults who were more likely to report SCD had lower objective memory on average (between-person associations), and depressive symptoms partially mediated this relationship in three of four datasets. However, changes in depressive symptoms did not mediate the relationship between reports of SCD and declines in objective memory in three of four datasets (within-person associations). Conclusion: Individual differences in depressive symptoms, and not changes in an individual’s depressive symptoms over time, partially explain the link between SCD and objective memory. Older adults with SCD and depressive symptoms may be at greater risk for poor cognitive outcomes. Future research should explore how perceived changes in memory affect other aspects of psychological well-being, and how these relationships influence cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease risk.

Participation in Decision Making and Affective Trust Among the Teaching Staff: A 2-Year Cross-Lagged Structural Equation Modeling During Implementation Reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima’a Da’as
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Affective Trust ◽  
Organizational Reform ◽  
Participation In Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The research investigated whether teachers’ participation in decision-making (PDM) contributes to the development of affective trust during school reform over time, or vice versa. A model including principals’ interpersonal skills was tested during implementation of the organizational reform. Teachers ( n = 1,482) from 113 Israeli elementary schools participated in the first measurement, and 1,390 teachers from 106 of these schools participated in the second measurement. A cross-lagged design for 2 years showed that PDM leads to affective trust over time. Furthermore, PDM mediated the relationship between principals’ interpersonal skills and affective trust over time.

scholarly journals Predicting Changes in PM Exposure Over Time at U.S. Trucking Terminals Using Structural Equation Modeling Techniques

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 396-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Davis ◽  
Francine Laden ◽  
Jaime E. Hart ◽  
Eric Garshick ◽  
Andrew Blicharz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Over Time

Fathers’ Time Off Work, Co-Residence, and Paternal Engagement among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Fathers

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2092151
Author(s):  
Brianne Pragg
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Fragile Families ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Paternal Engagement ◽  
Child Engagement ◽  
Over Time

Research consistently finds that fathers who take time off work when their children are born exhibit higher levels of paternal engagement relative to fathers who do not take time off work. This study aims to identify one possible mediating factor: fathers’ co-residence with their children and their children’s biological mothers over time. The current study uses data from the Fragile Families and Wellbeing Study and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between fathers’ time off work when their children were born, residence with their children and their children’s biological mothers, and levels of father-child engagement ( n = 2,453). Results indicated that the number of weeks taken off work was positively associated with men’s subsequent residence with their children and children’s mothers when their children were five-years-old, which in turn was positively associated with paternal engagement.

The significance of childhood competence and problems for adult success in work: A developmental cascade analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann S. Masten ◽  
Christopher David Desjardins ◽  
Christopher M. McCormick ◽  
Sally I-Chun Kuo ◽  
Jeffrey D. Long
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Task ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Cascade Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSuccess in the domain of work is a salient developmental task of adulthood and a key indicator of adaptive function in the evaluation of health and psychopathology. Yet few studies have examined pathways to work competence, especially with strategies testing for cumulative cascade effects over time. Cascade models spanning 20 years were tested via structural equation modeling, linking work competence in early adulthood to antecedent competence in work and other domains of competence in childhood and emerging adulthood. Data were drawn from the Project Competence longitudinal study of 205 school children followed for 20 years. Relative fit of alternative models was evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion. As hypothesized, the effectiveness of adaptive behavior in earlier age-salient developmental task domains forecasted later work competence, which also showed strong concurrent links to competence in other domains. Results suggest there are numerous pathways by which success or failure in major developmental task domains in childhood and adolescence may influence adaptation in other domains and eventually work competence, both concurrently and cumulatively over time. Cascade effects highlight the potential significance for later work competence of childhood conduct (antisocial vs. rule-abiding behavior) and social competence with peers, in addition to the ongoing role that academic attainment may have for work success. Work competence also showed considerable stability over a 10-year period during early adulthood. Implications and applications for future research and intervention are discussed.

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