The Role of Displays of Emotions and Ethnicity in Judgments of Rape Victims

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij ◽  
Agneta Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
White Male ◽  
Rape Victim ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The present experiment investigated the impact of displays of emotions and ethnicity of a rape victim on impression formation of white male and female observers. It was expected that victims would be assessed more favourably when they behaved angrily, rather than sadly, and when they were white rather than black. Moreover, it was expected that female observers would assess victims more positively than male observers. In the present experiment 51 male and 49 female observers watched a videotape of a victim of rape (an actress) during a simulated police interview. The ethnicity of the victim (white vs. black) and the emotion displayed by the victim (sad vs angry) was systematically manipulated. Observers' interpretations of what had happened were investigated by means of a questionnaire. The findings supported hypotheses relating to display of emotions and gender of the participants but failed to support the hypothesis concerning ethnicity.

scholarly journals Using experimental and correlational methods to assess the role of accents and gender on perceptions of competence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Signorella
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Research on the impact of different accents on perceptions of individuals is both important and difficult. The main challenge is in creating realistic portrayals of accents that also control for potential confounding variables. The advantages and disadvantages of three different options are reviewed: the same person speaking in different accents, different persons speaking in different accents, and computer generated accents. This case study describes the method, procedure and results from a study in which the decision was made to use different persons to convey different accents. Although the experimental manipulations were not as controlled as might be ideal, they were used with the aim of increasing realism and external validity. Manipulation checks are described that tested whether the experimental manipulations were effective in conveying similar levels of accents in male and female speakers. Procedures for reducing the risk of experimenter bias are also described. The inclusion of an unmanipulated variable, participant gender, and the interpretational issues, are also discussed. There continues to be a need for research on the impact of speaking with an accent, in spite of the methodological complications.

scholarly journals 669 Increased Nightmares During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Role of Resilience and Emotions

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A261-A262
Author(s):  
Jérémie Potvin ◽  
Laura Ramos Socarras ◽  
Geneviève Forest
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Abstract Introduction COVID-19 had a tremendous impact on many aspects of our lives and has caused an increase in stress and mental health issues in many people. We have recently found that there was an increase in nightmares during the pandemic in young adults. Since emotions have been associated with both resilience and nightmares, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of resilience and emotional changes in the increase in nightmares observed during the pandemic, in a group of young adults. Methods Resilience, emotions and nightmares were assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, the Differential Emotions Scale-IV and an adapted version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Measures were administered to 209 young adults (18–25 years old, 76.1% females). Hierarchical multiple regression models were computed to examine the unique contribution of changes in positive and negative emotions during the pandemic to the increase in nightmares during the pandemic. Analyses were controlled for nightmares and emotions prior to COVID-19, and for gender. The sample was separated in two groups: resilient and less resilient young adults. Results Results show that in less resilient young adults, nightmares prior to COVID-19 (β=.79, p<.001) and increase in negative emotions (β=.21, p=.033) significantly predicted nightmares during the pandemic and explained 67.0% of their variance. In resilient young adults, nightmares prior to COVID-19 (β=.56, p<.001) and gender (β=-.15, p=.04) significantly predicted nightmares during the pandemic and explained 52.0% of the variance. Conclusion Our results show that increase in negative emotions during the pandemic is associated with an increase in nightmares in less resilient young adults, but not in resilient young adults. Furthermore, our results show that in resilient young adults, being a woman is associated with an increase in nightmares during the pandemic. These results suggest that resilience may be a protective factor in managing the impact of negative emotions on nightmares, but only in men. Support (if any):

Transnational logic of gratitude: Marriage migrants’ narratives on marital satisfaction in South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092199469
Author(s):  
Gowoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Marriage Migrants ◽  
Sociology Of Emotion ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Scholarship on marriage migrants has examined the impact of class and gender ideology of receiving countries on their marital satisfaction. However, little is known about the role of transnational background in explaining women’s feelings of gratitude for husbands. Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews with marriage migrant women residing in the eastern side of Seoul, Korea, this article explores the micro-level cognitive processes in understanding women’s gratitude for their husbands. Categorizing marriage migrants into two groups, ‘gratified’ and ‘ungratified’ wives, the author demonstrates how the gratified wives’ feelings of contentment is mediated by their active comparison of Korean husbands with local men in their homelands, and how these viewpoints conversely affect their aspirations for return. Bringing the sociology of emotion into an explanation of marriage migrants’ marital satisfaction, this study aims to develop a transnational frame of reference as an underlying dynamic for comprehending marriage migrants’ (in)gratitude.

THE RESILIENCE OF MINORITY AND FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS: A LOOK AT ETHNICITY AND GENDER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOIS M SHELTON ◽  
MARIA V LUGO
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
White Male ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

By exploring the resilience skills of African-American, Hispanic and female entrepreneurs, this study examines entrepreneurs who face great obstacles, but still start more businesses than their White counterparts (Fairlie and Robb, 2009). The experiences of minorities and women lead to the development of risk and protective factors that result in differences in resilience. Here we present a model of resilience informed by the psychology and educational literatures which illustrates how particular experiences of minorities and women enable them to develop higher levels of resilience. In this model, the adaptive cultures of women and minorities equip them to overcome the adversity which arises from their social stratification as marginalized groups. We then test this model using a nationally representative, stratified random sample of 340 Black, Hispanic and White male and female entrepreneurs. The empirical results from two-way ANOVAs, Kruskal-Wallis H tests and multiple regression analysis indicate that Blacks and Hispanics had higher social resilience than White entrepreneurs, and that women had greater self and social resilience than male entrepreneurs.

37. Sentencing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ashworth ◽  
Julian V. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Sentencing represents the apex of the criminal process and is the most public stage of the criminal justice system. Controversial sentences attract widespread media coverage, intense public interest, and much public and political criticism. This chapter explores sentencing in the United Kingdom, and draws some conclusions with relevance to other common law jurisdictions. Sentencing has changed greatly in recent years, notably through the introduction of sentencing guidelines in England and Wales, and more recently, Scotland. However, there are still doubts about the fairness and consistency of sentencing practice, not least in the use of imprisonment. Among the key issues to be examined in this chapter are the tendency towards net-widening, the effects of race and gender, the impact of pleading guilty, the use of indeterminate sentences, the rise of mandatory sentences, and the role of the victim in the sentencing process. The chapter begins by outlining the methods by which cases come before the courts for sentencing. It then summarizes the specific sentences available to courts and examines current sentencing patterns, before turning to a more detailed exploration of sentencing guidelines, and of the key issues identified above. The chapter addresses two critical questions: What is sentencing (namely who exerts the power to punish)? Does sentencing in the UK measure up to appropriate standards of fairness and consistency?

Global Megatrends and the Macroeconomics of Gender

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-435
Author(s):  
Kalpana Kochhar ◽  
Sonali Jain-Chandra ◽  
Monique Newiak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines global megatrends such as demographic shifts, technological progress, globalization, and climate change and emphasizes the important role of gender equality in mitigating their adverse consequences. The chapter first discusses demographic change, globalization, technological progress, and climate change before explaining how the main challenges posed by these megatrends could be offset by increasing gender equality, providing more equal access to economic opportunities for women, and boosting female economic participation. In particular, it considers ways of mitigating the impact of population ageing, harnessing urbanization for growth and gender equity, catalysing change to reduce income inequality, accelerating economic diversification, and mitigating vulnerability to climate change. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of policy options for mitigating the risks posed by megatrends through gender equality, such as unleashing fiscal policy, easing the burden of non-market work, and removing legal discrimination against women.

scholarly journals Reduced Perceived Trustworthiness during Face Mask Wearing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1474-1484
Author(s):  
Giulio Gabrieli ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person’s aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others’ perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers’ perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing.

scholarly journals Inequality of Opportunity in School Education: the Role of Territorial Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-98
Author(s):  
Zulfiya Ibragimova ◽  
Marina Frants
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Education ◽  
School Type ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Educational Achievements ◽  
Level Model ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study measures the impact of spatial factors on the educational achievements of Russian students. According to the theory of equal opportunities, individual achievements depend on two groups of determinants: uncontrollable circumstances and one’s own efforts. Inequality of achievements produced by inequality of effort is treated as ethically acceptable, while inequality arising from circumstances is unfair and therefore must be compensated. The research is based on the data of the International Program for the Assessment of Educational Achievements of Students (PISA), wave 2018. Multilevel regression modeling was applied. A two-level model was used, in which the first level is that of the student, while the second level is regional. The calculations showed that anywhere from 14 to 16% of the variance in Russian students’ academic achievements is attributed to interregional irregularities. We learned that controlling for socio-economic status, lack of staff and material support in the school, type of area in which the school is located, and gender of the student make it possible to slightly reduce the role of regional differences, though it still remained significant. To a certain extent the impact of regional factor can be explained by variations in the influence of family background, school characteristics and gender across regions. The estimation of regional random effects allowed for identifying both the leaders and the outsiders in terms of the availability and quality of school education. Calculations have shown that the leaders and outsiders are practically the same in regards to all three areas of literacy.

Religion, Spirituality, and College Students

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Bryant Rockenbach ◽  
Julie J. Park
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Peer Socialization ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While religion and spirituality have played pivotal roles in shaping US higher education since its inception, empirical studies on college student spirituality are a relatively recent phenomenon, gaining steam in the early 2000s with landmark national studies. These studies reflect a growing interest in the inner lives of college students and their journeys for meaning and purpose. This chapter provides an overview of key studies addressing religion and spirituality in the lives of US college students. Unique patterns related to religious worldview, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender are discussed, reflecting the tremendous range of experiences among college students. The chapter also addresses the impact of college on religious and spiritual development, including the role of different campus environments and experiences, reflecting the role of peer socialization and institutional dynamics.

scholarly journals Questioning identities/shifting identities: the impact of researching sex and gender on a researcher’s LGBT+ identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 910-926
Author(s):  
Rosie Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Work ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shifting Identities

This article explores the role of reflexivity, emotion work and insider/outsider researcher status in one queer researcher’s experiences of conducting fieldwork. Through exploring field diaries and interview extracts, this article highlights the impact of being/researching LGBT+ identities as a queer researcher. Five experiences are discussed: (i) the euphoria of connection, (ii) relationships with participants, (iii) retraumatisation through listening, (iv) finding oneself on the outside and (v) the researcher’s shifting identity. The article concludes with suggestions on the impact studying one’s own identity can have on the researcher, and suggestions for engaging in similar research practices.

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