Wages, Secondary Workers, and Fertility: A Working-Class Perspective of the Fertility Transition in England and Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Schellekens
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Income

The focus of the analysis in this study is on the economic benefits parents derive from their children and the impact of these on fertility transitions. Particular attention is given to the working class in Victorian England and Wales. The life-cycle drop-off in adult productivity among this class created a need for additional income at later stages of the family life-cycle. This income was mostly generated by children and adolescents. Hence, it is suggested, that not until the substantial rise in real wages during the last quarter of the nineteenth century could fertility among the working class in England and Wales have started its decline. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with data on occupation-specific fertility levels taken from the 1911 Fertility Census.

scholarly journals Direct harms and social consequences: An analysis of the impact of maternal imprisonment on dependent children in England and Wales

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shona Minson
Keyword(s):  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
The Impact

This article draws upon research with children whose mothers were imprisoned in England and Wales, to investigate the impacts of maternal imprisonment on dependent children. The research directly engaged with children, in accordance with Article 12 of the UNCRC 1989, and is set within an examination of the differentiated treatment in the family and criminal courts of England and Wales of children facing state initiated separation from a parent. The article explores children’s ‘confounding grief’ and contends that this grief originates from social processes, experienced as a consequence of maternal imprisonment. ‘Secondary prisonization’ is characterized by changes in home and caregiver and the regulation of the mother and child relationship. ‘Secondary stigmatization’ occurs when children are stigmatized by virtue of their relationship with their mother. These harms to children call into question the state’s fulfilment of its duty to protect children under Article 2 of the UNCRC 1989.

Adaptation to Divorce: The Impact of Role Orientation on Family-Life-Cycle Perspectives

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion H. Wijnberg ◽  
Thomas Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Family Life Cycle ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Work Identity ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

Identifying the role orientation of recently divorced women holds promise for further understanding the divorce process and the family life cycle of nonnuclear families. The authors describe how 30 female heads of family perceived their adaptation to divorce and to the reconstruction and development of their family units. Results of this exploratory study further suggest that the meaning and value a divorced woman attaches to the mothering component of her role as well as the comfort she feels in accepting a work identity affect the ways in which she adapts to being a single parent. The consequences of this adaptation, in turn, alter the content of the family life cycle.

scholarly journals Distance education on dairy farming - its impact among learners

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
T Senthilkumar ◽  
NK Sudeepkumar ◽  
M Thirunavukkarasu
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Farm Economics ◽  
Education Courses ◽  
Additional Income

A study was conducted to assess the impact of the distance education courses on dairy and goat farming on knowledge gained, skills obtained and economic benefits attained by the learners. The data was collected from 100 respondents who were selected randomly from 221 successful candidates during the period of 2000-01 to 2004-05. A majority of the respondents gained knowledge in credit/ insurance, housing systems followed by farm economics, clean milk production, calf rearing and feed and feeding methods. The respondents of all categories had increased their farm size (with percentage gain ranged between 59.38 and 75.07) and daily average milk yield (with percentage gain ranged between 48.34 and 66.17). Further the small, medium and large category farmers had gained additional income with per cent gain ranged from 73.38 to 122.26. There was a highly significant gain in production and income in all categories of farmers with respect to farm size, milk yield, sale of milk, dung and animals and net change in the value of stock.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14133Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 40 (2): 136-140

The Impact of Assimilation on the Family Structure of Jews in Amsterdam, 1880–1940

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tammes ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Jewish Origin ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

Since the process of assimilation of Jews coincided with a fertility transition, this study examines the relation between changes in the household structure of families of Jewish origin and the process of assimilation. Data were gathered from the Amsterdam registry for 717 Jewish descendants born in Amsterdam between 1883 and 1922. Our research shows a decrease in average number of siblings at birth among successive birth cohorts. Moreover, especially those persons born outside the Jewish district had a significantly smaller number of siblings at birth. This result might indicate that the fertility transition among Jews started with families who had left the Jewish district. This study also shows that subjects who had a higher number of siblings produced more children themselves, whereas those who married a gentile had fewer children.

Bread Winner

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
The People ◽  
Working Class Women

Nineteenth-century Britain saw remarkable economic growth and a rise in real wages. But not everyone shared in the nation's wealth. Unable to earn a sufficient income themselves, working-class women were reliant on the ‘breadwinner wage’ of their husbands. When income failed, or was denied or squandered by errant men, families could be plunged into desperate poverty from which there was no escape. This book unlocks the homes of Victorian England to examine the lives — and finances — of the people who lived there. Drawing on over 600 working-class autobiographies, including more than 200 written by women, the book changes our understanding of daily life in Victorian Britain.

scholarly journals Recovery Strategies of Contaminated Marine Sediments: A Life Cycle Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8520
Author(s):  
Francesco Pasciucco ◽  
Isabella Pecorini ◽  
Simona Di Gregorio ◽  
Fabiano Pilato ◽  
Renato Iannelli
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contaminated Marine Sediments

This study performed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on recovery strategies of dredged contaminated marine sediments in a large Mediterranean port located in central Italy (Tuscany) in order to find the most environmentally sound solution. The study considered marine sediments polluted by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and/or organic compounds, two different sediment particle sizes and the combined use of three soil remediation technologies: soil washing, electrokinetic treatment and enhanced landfarming. The analyzed scenarios depended on the sediment properties and characteristics of the treatment technologies investigated, and were compared with the corresponding reference scenarios, consisting of the landfilling of dredged contaminated sediments. The LCA results show that scenarios associated with sediment recovery generated potential environmental impacts lower than the corresponding reference scenarios. Almost all the impact categories considered in the CML-IA baseline method showed an environmental convenience in the recovery of contaminated sediments, especially for abiotic depletion and global warming. Future studies should focus on optimizing the combined use of multiple technologies and reducing the resource consumptions related to their implementation in order to achieve both environmental and economic benefits.

Dynamic Optimization of Project Schedule Based on Life-Cycle Economic Benefits

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 2504-2508
Author(s):  
Wen Juan Liu ◽  
Zhi Xia Zhang ◽  
Ting Meng
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Project Schedule ◽  
Equipment Replacement ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
The Impact

There is a relationship of unity of opposites between the construction and operation period of the project.When the construction period of the project is shorten and the project is put into production in advance, income of operation period will be increased, at the same time, it will cause the increase of construction cost.Combining time-cost optimization with the financial evaluation of the project, from the perspective of the owner, on the basis of considering the capital time-value and the impact of large equipment replacement on the income of operation period, time-cost dynamic optimization model which maximize the project life-cycle net present value and is proved to be necessary and feasible through the case is established.

scholarly journals Using life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental benefit of upcycling vine shoots as fillers in biocomposite packaging materials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire David ◽  
Giovanna Croxatto Vega ◽  
Joshua Sohn ◽  
Anna Ekman Nilsson ◽  
Arnaud Hélias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Dry Fractionation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose The objective of the present study was to better understand the potential environmental benefit of using vine shoots (ViShs), an agricultural residue, as filler in composite materials. For that purpose, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a rigid tray made of virgin poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) PHBV, polylactic acid (PLA) or polypropylene (PP), and increasing content of ViSh particles was performed. The contribution of each processing step in the life cycle on the different environmental impacts was identified and discussed. Furthermore, the balance between the environmental and the economic benefits of composite trays was discussed. Methods This work presents a cradle-to-grave LCA of composite rigid trays. Once collected in vineyards, ViShs were dried and ground using dry fractionation processes, then mixed with a polymer matrix by melt extrusion to produce compounds that were finally injected to obtain rigid trays for food packaging. The density of each component was taken into account in order to compare trays with the same volume. The maximum filler content was set to 30 vol% according to recommendations from literature and industrial data. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint Hierarchist (H) methodology was used for the assessment using the cutoff system model. Results and discussion This study showed that bioplastics are currently less eco-friendly than PP. This is in part due to the fact that LCA does not account for, in existing tools, effects of microplastic accumulation and that bioplastic technologies are still under development with low tonnage. This study also demonstrated the environmental interest of the development of biocomposites by the incorporation of ViSh particles. The minimal filler content of interest depended on the matrices and the impact categories. Concerning global warming, composite trays had less impact than virgin plastic trays from 5 vol% for PHBV or PLA and from 20 vol% for PP. Concerning PHBV, the only biodegradable polymer in natural conditions in this study, the price and the impact on global warming are reduced by 25% and 20% respectively when 30 vol% of ViSh are added. Conclusion The benefit of using vine shoots in composite materials from an environmental and economical point of view was demonstrated. As a recommendation, the polymer production step, which constitutes the most important impact, should be optimized and the maximum filler content in composite materials should be increased.

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