scholarly journals How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1358-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Ritchie ◽  
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Designs ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores ◽  
Schooling Policy

Intelligence test scores and educational duration are positively correlated. This correlation could be interpreted in two ways: Students with greater propensity for intelligence go on to complete more education, or a longer education increases intelligence. We meta-analyzed three categories of quasiexperimental studies of educational effects on intelligence: those estimating education-intelligence associations after controlling for earlier intelligence, those using compulsory schooling policy changes as instrumental variables, and those using regression-discontinuity designs on school-entry age cutoffs. Across 142 effect sizes from 42 data sets involving over 600,000 participants, we found consistent evidence for beneficial effects of education on cognitive abilities of approximately 1 to 5 IQ points for an additional year of education. Moderator analyses indicated that the effects persisted across the life span and were present on all broad categories of cognitive ability studied. Education appears to be the most consistent, robust, and durable method yet to be identified for raising intelligence.

scholarly journals How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart James Ritchie ◽  
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Designs ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores ◽  
Schooling Policy

Intelligence test scores and educational duration are positively correlated. This correlation can be interpreted in two ways: students with greater propensity for intelligence go on to complete more education, or a longer education increases intelligence. We meta-analysed three categories of quasi-experimental studies of educational effects on intelligence: those estimating education-intelligence associations after controlling for earlier intelligence, those using compulsory schooling policy changes as instrumental variables, and those using regression-discontinuity designs on school-entry age cutoffs. Across 142 effect sizes from 42 datasets involving over 600,000 participants, we found consistent evidence for beneficial effects of education on cognitive abilities, of approximately 1 to 5 IQ points for an additional year of education. Moderator analyses indicated that the effects persisted across the lifespan, and were present on all broad categories of cognitive ability studied. Education appears to be the most consistent, robust, and durable method yet to be identified for raising intelligence.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relation Between Engagement and Achievement in Early Childhood Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 027112142110327
Author(s):  
Esther R. Lindström ◽  
Jason C. Chow ◽  
Kathleen N. Zimmerman ◽  
Hongyang Zhao ◽  
Elise Settanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Systematic Literature Search ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Early Childhood Research

Engagement in early childhood has been linked with later achievement, but the relation between these variables and how they are measured in early childhood requires examination. We estimated the overall association between academic engagement and achievement in children prior to kindergarten entry. Our systematic literature search yielded 13,521 reports for structured eligibility screening; from this pool of studies, we identified 21 unique data sets, with 199 effect sizes for analysis. We coded eligible studies, extracted effect sizes, accounted for effect size dependency, and used random-effects models to synthesize findings. The overall correlation between academic engagement and achievement was r = .24 (range: −.08 to −.71), and moderator analyses did not significantly predict the relation between the two constructs. This study aligns with previous research on this topic and examines issues related to these measures, their constraints, and applications as they pertain to early childhood research.

The Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruta Vysniauske ◽  
Lot Verburgh ◽  
Jaap Oosterlaan ◽  
Marc L. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Objective: An increasing number of studies suggest possible beneficial effects of exercise in alleviating ADHD functional outcomes. The current study provides a quantitative meta-analysis of the available studies investigating this relationship. Method: Studies reporting on the effects of physical exercise on motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD were identified through Cochrane, PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science databases. Ten publications were selected. Random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes. Results: There was a significant effect of exercise on ADHD functional outcomes ( g = 0.627). Longer exercise intervention duration was consistently associated with larger effect sizes. Effect sizes were not related to exercise intensity, mean age of participants, or gender distribution. Conclusion: Results suggest that exercise has a modest positive impact on ADHD functional outcomes, such as executive functions and motor skills, with longer interventions yielding better results.

scholarly journals Is metoclopramide beneficial for the post-pyloric placement of nasoenteric tubes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ouyang ◽  
Rong Qu ◽  
Bei Hu ◽  
Yifan Wang ◽  
Fen Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Trial Sequential Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract BackgroundMetoclopramide is frequently prescribed as an adjuvant for the post-pyloric placement of nasoenteric tubes (NETs). However, the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide remain controversial. The latest meta-analysis showed that metoclopramide was not beneficial in adults. Thus, this study aimed to reevaluate the effect of metoclopramide on the post-pyloric placement of NETs.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang data was conducted up to August 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing metoclopramide with placebo or no intervention. The effect sizes of eligible studies were pooled using the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in a random-effects model. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used for the primary outcomes (the success rate of the post-pyloric placement of NETs).ResultsSeven eligible RCTs that included 520 participants were identified. The results of the pooled effect sizes showed that metoclopramide significantly facilitated the post-pyloric placement of NETs (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11–1.97; P = 0.007; I2 = 37%). However, the risk of bias assessment and the TSA results indicated that the qualities of the RCTs and the sample sizes were insufficient to confirm the efficacy of metoclopramide. Further subgroup analysis revealed that successful post-pyloric placement was more pronounced in studies in which spiral NETs were employed (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.41–2.43; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Additionally, a significant increase in the success rate was also observed for post-D1 (reaching the second portion of the duodenum or beyond), post-D2 (reaching the third portion of the duodenum or beyond), and post-D3 (reaching the fourth portion of the duodenum or beyond) placement of spiral NETs. Overall adverse events were minimal.ConclusionsThe evidence accumulated so far was not strong enough to demonstrate metoclopramide’s beneficial effects on the post-pyloric placement of NETs; however, it might be effective for spiral NETs. Further high-quality, large-sample RCTs are required to elucidate the effects of metoclopramide.Trial registrationPROSPERO CRD42019123424 (10 July 2019)

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of When and How Advertising Creativity Works

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rosengren ◽  
Martin Eisend ◽  
Scott Koslow ◽  
Micael Dahlen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Marketing Literature ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Affect Transfer ◽  
Key Success Factor

Although creativity is often considered a key success factor in advertising, the marketing literature lacks a systematic empirical account of when and how advertising creativity works. The authors use a meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on advertising creativity and test different theoretical explanations for its effects. The analysis covers 93 data sets taken from 67 papers that provide 878 effect sizes. The results show robust positive effects but also highlight the importance of considering both originality and appropriateness when investing in advertising creativity. Moderation analyses show that the effects of advertising creativity are stronger for high- (vs. low-) involvement products, and that the effects on ad (but not brand) reactions are marginally stronger for unfamiliar brands. An empirical test of theoretical mechanisms shows that affect transfer, processing, and signaling jointly explain these effects, and that originality mainly leads to affect transfer, whereas appropriateness leads to signaling. The authors also call for further research connecting advertising creativity with sales and studying its effects in digital contexts.

Mental Imagery Meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Conroy ◽  
Martin S Hagger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis

This review provided a quantitative synthesis of the effectiveness of mental imagery interventions in health behaviour and tested key moderator effects. Thirty-three independent data sets were eligible for inclusion. Mental imagery interventions led to non-trivial, small averaged corrected effect sizes of imagery interventions on post-intervention behaviour (d+ = 0.23) and on psychological predictors of behavior (d+ = 0.08-0.19) and a small-to-medium sized on post-intervention physiological measures (d+ = 0.29). Moderation effects are also reported. Results support effects of mental imagery interventions on health behaviours, identifies the conditions where they may be more effective, and points to how future imagery interventions might be optimized.

scholarly journals AGING, TASK DIFFICULTY, AND EFFORT: A META-ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S705-S705
Author(s):  
Ryan Best ◽  
Laure Freydefont ◽  
Alexandra M Freund
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moderator Variable ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Measurement Domain

Abstract Tasks of increasing difficulty require increasing levels of cognitive engagement from participants. The costs associated with cognitive engagement rise with age in response to normative cognitive decline. Additionally, previous studies have shown an interaction between age and task difficulty, with age differences in effort expenditure increasing along with task demands. Motivational accounts of effort allocation predict the opposite relationship, where increased task difficulty in the face of declining cognitive abilities result in disengagement among older adults, comparatively lowering their effort expenditure relative to younger adults that remain committed to the task. The current study quantitatively reviews the available literature on age and effort expenditure across tasks of increasing difficulty. An initial meta-analysis found no age differences in effort across task difficulty, but inspection of the significantly heterogeneous effect sizes indicated that measurement domain might account for some of the variance found between the effect sizes. A second, post-hoc meta-analysis was conducted, recoding effect sizes giving preference to subjective measures. Subsequent moderator variable analyses found that the combined effect of age and domain of effort measurement explained a sufficient portion of the variance across effect sizes. When using physiological measures, effort was not found to differ across task difficulty for either age group. Alternatively, when measured subjectively, effort was reported to greatly increase (&gt;1 standard deviation) with difficulty, with a larger increase in younger adults. Results are discussed in terms of effort mobilization across adulthood and the importance of measurement domain in the interpretation of results.

Ischemic Preconditioning and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadeo F. Salvador ◽  
Rafael A. De Aguiar ◽  
Felipe D. Lisbôa ◽  
Kayo L. Pereira ◽  
Rogério S. de O. Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Standardized Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Although the amount of evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance is increasing, conclusions about its efficacy cannot yet be drawn. Therefore, the purposes of this review were to determine the effect of IPC on exercise performance and identify the effects of different IPC procedures, exercise types, and subject characteristics on exercise performance. The analysis comprised 19 relevant studies from 2000 to 2015, 15 of which were included in the meta-analyses. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated as the standardized mean difference. Overall, IPC had a small beneficial effect on exercise performance (ES = 0.43; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.51). The largest ES were found for aerobic (ES = 0.51; 90% CI, 0.35 to 0.67) and anaerobic (ES = 0.23; 90% CI, -0.12 to 0.58) exercise. In contrast, an unclear effect was observed in power and sprint performance (ES = 0.16; 90% CI, –0.20 to 0.52). In conclusion, IPC can effectively enhance aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance.

scholarly journals General Intelligence and the Dark Triad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Michels
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

Abstract. The dark triad of personality (D3) – consisting of psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism – is a set of socially aversive personality traits. All three traits encompass disagreeable behavior and a particular disregard for the well-being of others, but also a tendency to strategic and deceptive manipulation of social environments in order to attain one′s goals. To exercise these complex manipulations effectively it seems beneficial to have high cognitive abilities. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine possible relationships between intelligence and the dark triad. A total of 143 studies were identified to estimate the strength of relationships between the D3 and general, verbal, and nonverbal intelligence. The results indicate that none of the constructs of the dark triad are meaningfully related to intelligence. However, there was a small negative correlation between intelligence and Factor 2 psychopathy. The substantial heterogeneity regarding the observed effect sizes could not be explained with meta-regression for the most part. There was no evidence for a publication bias. In total, the results challenge the notion that the dark triad is an adaptive set of personality traits that enables individuals to effectively manipulate their social surroundings.

The Validity of Specific Cognitive Abilities for the Prediction of Training Success in Germany

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Goertz ◽  
Ute R. Hülsheger ◽  
Günter W. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Occupational Category ◽  
General Mental Ability ◽  
Training Success ◽  
Specific Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Better Than

General mental ability (GMA) has long been considered one of the best predictors of training success and considerably better than specific cognitive abilities (SCAs). Recently, however, researchers have provided evidence that SCAs may be of similar importance for training success, a finding supporting personnel selection based on job-related requirements. The present meta-analysis therefore seeks to assess validities of SCAs for training success in various occupations in a sample of German primary studies. Our meta-analysis (k = 72) revealed operational validities between ρ = .18 and ρ = .26 for different SCAs. Furthermore, results varied by occupational category, supporting a job-specific benefit of SCAs.

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