Lactoferrin and Its Possible Role in Iron Enrichment of Infant Formulas

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jovani ◽  
R. Barbera ◽  
R. Farre
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Additional Improvement ◽  
Free Radical Formation ◽  
The Moment

The properties and functions of lactoferrin in relation to its use in the supplementation of infant formulas are discussed. Special attention is paid to lactoferrin functions directly related to its ability to bind iron, that is, its effect on iron absorption and bacteriostatic and antioxidant activities. From the results obtained by different authors, it can be concluded that the addition of lactoferrin, usually bovine, to infant formulas, does not affect iron absorption. However, given its ability to bind iron, its use in infant formulas could be useful for protecting the gut of infants against infections from microbial-requiring iron, its ability to reduce interelemental interactions and especially to protect infant formulas supplemented with iron and ascorbic acid against free radical formation. Although bovine lactoferrin is at the moment the most easily available, today it is possible to have human recombinant lactoferrin. The possibility of adding it to infant formulas should be considered, if and when the toxicological evaluation proves favorable, because of the possible additional improvement of iron bioavailability.

Phytic Acid Degradation as a Means of Improving Iron Absorption

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hurrell
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Acid Degradation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Single Meal

Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of native and fortification iron absorption and low absorption of iron from cereal- and/or legume-based complementary foods is a major factor in the etiology of iron deficiency in infants. Dephytinization of complementary foods or soy-based infant formulas is technically possible but, as phytic acid is strongly inhibitory at low concentrations, complete enzymatic degradation is recommended. If this is not possible, the phytic acid to iron molar ratio should be decreased to below 1:1 and preferably below 0.4:1. Complete dephytinization of cereal- and legume-based complementary foods has been shown to increase the percentage of iron absorption by as much as 12-fold (0.99% to 11.54%) in a single-meal study when the foods were reconstituted with water. The addition of milk, however, inhibits iron absorption and overcomes the enhancing effect of phytic acid degradation. Dephytinization can therefore be strongly recommended only for cereal/legume mixtures reconstituted with water, especially low-cost complementary foods destined for infants in developing countries. In countries where infant cereals are consumed with milk, ascorbic acid addition can more easily be used to overcome the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption. Similarly with soy-based infant formulas, especially if manufactured from low-phytate isolates, ascorbic acid can be used to ensure adequate iron absorption.

Review: Effect of Some Components of Milk- and Soy-Based Infant Formulas on Mineral Bioavailability

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jovaní ◽  
R. Barberá ◽  
R. Farré
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Zinc Absorption ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mineral Bioavailability ◽  
Negative Effect

Infants’ high nutritional needs are fulfilled by mother’s milk or infant formulas to provide all the necessary nutrients, among them minerals. Minerals uptake depends not only on mineral content but also on their bioavailability which, in turn, is affected by the different components of the infant formulas. An understanding of these effects would help to improve mineral bioavailability. This work reviews the influence of endogenous (proteins and phytates) and added (ascorbic and citric acid) components in infant formulas on the bioavailability of nutritionally important mineral elements (calcium, zinc, iron and copper) and their interactions. Special attention is given to the influence of protein, which is positive for calcium and negative for iron absorption. The marked negative effect of phytates on iron and zinc absorption can be counteracted by a dephytinization process. Of the added compounds, ascorbic acid has a positive effect on iron absorption that depends on the molar ratio between ascorbic acid and iron. In fact, adding ascorbic acid can counteract the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption but does not alter the effect of phytic acid on zinc absorption. The null effect of an increase in citric acid content can be ascribed to the fact that the citrate contents of infant formulas are already high. One of the most important element interactions is the negative effect of calcium on zinc and iron intestinal absorption and also the interaction between zinc and iron. These interactions deserve our attention because these minerals are essential to infants’ growth and development.

scholarly journals Iron Bioavailability Studied in Infants: The Influence of Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid in Infant Formulas Based on Soy Isolate

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Davidsson ◽  
Pilar Galan ◽  
Peter Kastenmayer ◽  
Françoise Cherouvrier ◽  
Marcel A Juillerat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Soy Isolate

The relative effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from soy-based and milk-based infant formulas

1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gillooly ◽  
J D Torrance ◽  
T H Bothwell ◽  
A P MacPhail ◽  
D Derman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Infant Formulas

Ascorbic Acid can Reverse the Inhibition of Phytic Acid, Sodium Oxalate and Sodium Silicate on Iron Absorption in Caco-2 cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanling He ◽  
Xiaoli Li ◽  
Ke Ding ◽  
Yuanxiao Li ◽  
Wang Li
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Sodium Oxalate

Abstract. The objective of the present study is to determine the effect of phytic acid (PA), sodium oxalate (SO) and sodium silicate (SS) on non-heme iron bioavailability in both the presence and absence of ascorbic acid (AA) using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model, and the levels of AA needed to promote Fe absorption from Fe complexed with PA, SO or SS were also determined. The results indicated that adding PA at 1:1, 3:1, 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe decreased ferrous iron uptake by 55.80 %(P < 0.05), 72.33 % (P < 0.05), 73.32 % (P < 0.05), and 73.26 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Adding SS at 1:1, 3:1, 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe also decreased ferrous iron uptake by 51.40 % (P < 0.05), 66.12 %(P < 0.05), 60.19 % (P < 0.05) and 45.11 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Adding SO at 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe decreased ferrous iron uptake by 40.81 % (P < 0.05) and 33.14 % (P < 0.05), respectively. When adding AA to iron plus organic acid medias reached molar ratios of 5:5:1 AA:PA:Fe, 3:5:1 AA:SO:Fe and 5:5:1 AA:SS:Fe, iron absorption from FeSO4 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed in iron absorption from FeCl3 when adding AA to the media. The results showed that PA, SS or SO decreases iron uptake from ferrous Fe, and AA can counteract their inhibiting effect on ferrous iron absorption and thus increase ferrous iron uptake. The results may be important for elucidating factors affecting iron bioavailability in the small intestine and for the development of foods with improved iron bioavailability.

Effect of Probiotic, Prebiotic and Synbiotic Follow-up Infant Formulas on Iron Bioavailability in Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pérez-Conesa ◽  
G. López ◽  
G. Ros
Keyword(s):  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Group A

The effect of functional ingredients-supplemented diets on iron bioavailability and the section of the large intestine involved with this effect was investigated in rats. The diets consisted of seven powder follow-up infant formulas containing probiotics ( Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum), prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides (4'-GOS) at 1.2, 5 and 10%) or synbiotics (bifidobacteria and 4'-GOS at 1.2, 5 and 10%) that were administered to weanling rats over 30 days. Iron balancing (mineral apparent absorption and retention ratios) was carried out in three periods of 72h each. Results showed that the administration of any of the test diets increased the apparent iron absorption or retention in any of the periods, however only 10% prebiotic and synbiotic diets significantly (P<0.05) increased apparent iron absorption and retention during the three periods of mineral balancing when compared to the control group. A linear regression study demonstrated that the stimulation of iron absorption took place mainly in the colon portion of the gut, since the parameters iron absorption, crypt depth of proximal colon and pH colon content showed a multiple linear relationship (R2=0.56). We concluded that 10% prebiotic and synbiotic diets were the diets most prone to improving iron bioavailability in the colons of rats.

Herbs as a dietary source of iron

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
Swarnim Gupta ◽  
Krishnapillai Madhavan Nair ◽  
Ravinder Punjal ◽  
Ananthan Rajendran ◽  
Raghu Pullakhandam
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Amaranthus Paniculatus

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to screen for iron bioavailability and absorption-promoting activity in selected herbs. Evidence is needed to promote and practice food-based strategies such as use of plants or their parts for treating iron deficiency anemia. Design/methodology/approach – Eight Indian herbs, considered to be iron rich and/or hematinic, namely, Boerhavia diffusa, Trachyspermum ammi, Amaranthus paniculatus, Lepidium sativum, Medicago sativa, Asparagus racemosus, Sesamum indicum and Piper longum, were selected. Their mineral composition and phytate and tannin contents were analyzed. Endogenous iron bioavailability was assessed in human enterocyte cell line model, Caco-2 cells, using cellular ferritin induction. Iron absorption-promoting activity was tested similarly in two herbs and their mineral extract by the addition of exogenous iron or ascorbic acid. Findings – Based on compositional analysis, B. diffusa, L. sativum and T. ammi had high iron (> 40 mg/100 g) and tannin/phytate. A. paniculatus, M. sativa, P. longum, S. indicum had low iron (10-15 mg/100 g) with high phytate and tannin. A. racemosus had 38 mg/100 g iron and low phytate and tannin. None of the herbs induced Caco-2 cell ferritin, indicating poor endogenous iron bioavailability. Mineral solutions of, two contrasting herbs (inhibitor content), B. diffusa and A. racemosus induced ferritin with ascorbic acid and not with exogenous iron, suggesting that these are devoid of iron absorption-promoting activity. Practical implications – Incorporation of such herbs in diets may enhance iron content but not its bioavailability. Originality/value – Selected edible herbs have been screened for iron bioavailability and its absorption-promoting activity. This has implications in planning evidence-based strategies to correct iron deficiency in general population.

scholarly journals Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Martin Doseděl ◽  
Eduard Jirkovský ◽  
Kateřina Macáková ◽  
Lenka Krčmová ◽  
Lenka Javorská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence—scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.

Maturation, iron deficiency, and ligands in enteric radioiron transport in vitro

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ruliffson ◽  
J. M. Hopping
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Anaerobic Incubation ◽  
Reverse Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Everted Gut Sac

The effects in rats, of age, iron-deficiency anemia, and ascorbic acid, citrate, fluoride, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on enteric radioiron transport were studied in vitro by an everted gut-sac technique. Sacs from young animals transported more than those from older ones. Proximal jejunal sacs from anemic animals transported more than similar sacs from nonanemic rats, but the reverse effect appeared in sacs formed from proximal duodenum. When added to media containing ascorbic acid or citrate, fluoride depressed transport as did anaerobic incubation in the presence of ascorbic acid. Anaerobic incubation in the presence of EDTA appeared to permit elevated transport. Ascorbic acid, citrate, and EDTA all enhanced the level of Fe59 appearing in serosal media. These results appear to agree with previously established in vivo phenomena and tend to validate the in vitro method as one of promise for further studies of factors affecting iron absorption and of the mechanism of iron absorption.

Gastrectomy and Iron Absorption: Effects of Bleeding, Iron Loading and Ascorbic Acid in Rats.

1967 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Rieber ◽  
M. E. Conrad ◽  
W. H. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Iron Loading
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