The gender wage gap in the public and private sectors: The Spanish experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 135050682097902
Author(s):  
Patricia Moreno-Mencía ◽  
Ana Fernández-Sainz ◽  
Juan M. Rodríguez-Poo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Private And Public

Using microdata from the Wage Structure Survey, we analyse the gender wage gap in the private and public sectors, considering the whole wage distribution. The main contribution is to assume that the decision to work in a sector is a prior process determined endogenously in the model. Thus, the usual Ordinary Least Square estimation is inconsistent, and it is necessary to use alternative techniques. We use quantile regression techniques to calculate how much of the gap is due to differences in returns between men and women and sectors, taking into account the sample selection bias. We find that the size of the gap attributed to different returns varies substantially across the wage distribution. Public sector employees are paid higher wages, on average, than their counterparts in the private sector, and the gap is wider for women. Moreover, the proportion of the gender wage gap explained (by different characteristics) tends to be greater for workers who are at the bottom of the wage distribution in both sectors. A look at the whole wage distribution reveals that discrimination in the gender wage gap is typically higher at its top than at its bottom, suggesting that glass ceilings are more prevalent than sticky floors for both men and women.

Public–Private Wage Disparities, Employment, and Labor Market Segmentation in Tunisia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Bouassida ◽  
Abdel-Rahmen El Lahga
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Wage Disparities

The dysfunction of the Tunisian labor market is exacerbated particularly by the segmentation between public and private sector employment. These different segments differ in terms of returns to human capital, social protection and mobility, affecting career development and the wage structure in the economy. In this chapter, we present the patterns of wage distribution in Tunisia across important socioeconomic groups and a detailed analysis of the wage gap between public and private sectors. Our results show particularly that while in the bottom sector of the wage distribution the positive wage gap between public and private sectors is mainly attributable to the composition or characteristics of workers, the wage gap in the upper sector of the distribution is due to returns to characteristics effect. The public-sector wage premium explains the strong preference in public positions.

scholarly journals Exploring Gender Wage Gap in Urban Labor Market of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahadat Hossain Siddiquee ◽  
Md Amzad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Using the Labor Force Survey 2010 dataset this paper examines gender wage gap in a large sample of urban workers in Bangladesh and explore whether gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Mincerian OLS regression and its Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition results reveal that the estimated wage gap between men and women workers is 21.2%. Adjusting women’s endowments levels to those of men increases women’s wage by 12.1% and a gap of 8.0% remains unexplained. The decomposition results based on the unconditional quantile regressions demonstrate that the estimated total gender wage gap is higher at lower end of the wage distribution compared to the higher end.

The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap: A post-mining boom analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Preston ◽  
Elisa Birch
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
State Level ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Wage Gaps ◽  
Industry Effects ◽  
And Gender

Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003–2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014–2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal.

scholarly journals Returns to Workplace Training for Male and Female Employees and Implications for the Gender Wage gap: A Quantile Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
Rossella Icardi
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Workplace Training ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Quantile Regression Analysis

Context: Existing studies have explored the association between workplace training and wages suggesting that training participation may have a positive association with wages. However, we still know very little about whether this association varies between men and women. Through its potential positive association with wages, training may balance wage differences between men and women. In addition, the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Differences in the association between training participation and wages for men and women across the earnings spectrum may offer an explanation as to why the discrepancy in female/male earnings is larger at some point of the wage distribution compared to others. Approach: Using data from the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and unconditional quantile regression, this paper examines whether the association between workplace training and wages differs between men and women at different points of the wage distribution across 14 European countries. To partly control for endogeneity in training participation, detailed measures of cognitive skills have been included in the models. Findings: Findings show gender differences in the association between training and wages across the wage distribution. In most countries, results indicate larger training coefficients for women than men at the lower end of the wage spectrum whereas they are larger for men at the top. This pattern holds across most countries with the only exception of Liberal ones, where women benefit less than men across the entire wage spectrum.Conclusions: The findings of this work reveal that distributional variations in returns to workplace training follow a similar pattern across industrialized countries, despite their different institutional settings. Moreover, differences in training coefficients of men and women at different parts of the wage distribution suggest that training could reduce gender wage differences among low earners and potentially widen the gap in wages among individuals at the top of the wage distribution. 

scholarly journals Gender wage gap across the distribution: What is the role of within- and between-firm effects?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Ceiling Effect ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Employee Data

Abstract This paper studies the role of within- and between-firm effects on the gender wage gap (GWG). Using linked employer–employee data for Turkey for 2006 and 2014, we show that the wage gap among comparable men and women is much wider within establishments than between establishments. Our distributional analysis shows a more pronounced gap among highly paid workers, consistent with the presence of a glass-ceiling effect. This effect, however, is more apparent within establishments than between establishments, and it is the former that drives the economy-wide glass ceiling that women face. We also find that between 2006 and 2014, the GWG in Turkey widened at all points in the wage distribution, and that this widening was more pronounced within establishments than between establishments.

scholarly journals The evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia: 1994 and 2010

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (81) ◽  
pp. 857-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz Karime Abadía Alvarado ◽  
Sara De la Rica
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Clear Glass ◽  
Wage Distributions

This paper studies the evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia at different points of wage distributions. Using DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux’s (1996) decomposition, we find that the enormous increase in female workers’ educational achievement has helped to reduce the gender gap, mainly at the top of the wage distribution. However, this effect has been countered by the reduction in the proportion of female workers in the public sector and those with indefinite contracts. Moreover, using the Arellano et al. (2017) methodology, we estimate the adjusted gender wage gap whilst controlling for sample selection. In both analysed years, our main finding was a clear glass-ceiling pattern that was slightly reduced in 2010.

scholarly journals Gender wage gap in Serbia: Inheritance and sources of the wage gap

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Kosovka Ognjenovic
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Labour Relations

The aim of this paper is to determine the size, structure, and significance of the differences in wages between men and women during the early transition in Serbia in the 2000s. During that period, a new legislative framework was established in the field of labour relations, which enabled greater liberalisation in the labour market and resulted in a reduction in the activity rate, especially of women. Following the experiences of other post-transition countries, it may be expected that economic and social changes caused by the transitional shocks may stimulate different behaviours in the labour market of both the employers, through their impact on determination of wages, and the labour force, through workers? choice to remain or to permanently exit the labour market. This could affect not only the deepening of gender differences, but also the emergence of discrimination in wage setting. The paper applies the parametric sample selection model, on the basis of which the probability of women?s participation in the labour market is estimated, as well as the wage functions of men and women. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey for 2002 and 2007 are used. Theoretically expected results are obtained; children and marital status with a negative sign, and sources of non-working income with a positive sign influence the probability of women?s participation in the labour force. The estimated equations of wages of men and women indicate differences in the structure of wages, which provides the basis for the application of the statistical procedure for the decomposition of the gender wage gap. Examination of the initial hypothesis revealed the presence of a significant gender wage gap, which was the largest in 2002 (10.96%), falling to 5.97% in 2007. The gender wage gap in Serbia cannot be explained by the differences in the observed characteristics of men and women, since they act in the direction of reducing the overall gap and their effect is stable, amounting to between -5.51% (2002) and -5.43% (2007). Therefore, the decline in the gender wage gap is the result of reducing the gap in the unexplained part from 17.43% (2002) to 12.06% (2007). Over the observed period, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap remains persistent and leaves room for consideration of the potential effects of discrimination and possible directions of public policy.

scholarly journals PENGARUH BOOK TAX DIFFERENCES DAN ARUS KAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Erika Ratih Windarti ◽  
Dwi Sulistiani
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Growth Method ◽  
Profit Growth

<p><strong>Abstract</strong><br /><br />This study aimed to obtain empirical results about the influence of book tax differences and cash flow toward the profit growth. Independent variables in this study were book tax differences which were proxied to be permanent differences and temporary differences, as well as the cash flow. Control variables used are return on assets (ROA) and the size of the company. The dependent variable was earnings growth. Method of sample selection used was the purposive sampling method and obtained samples of 27 companies. This test was using SPSS V 21 for Windows. The results showed that the permanent difference and temporary differences of the book tax differences have positive influence on the profit grouth of the company, while cash flow did not significantly influence the company’s profit growth.</p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong><br /><br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh hasil empiris tentang pengaruh book tax differences dan arus kas terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini antara lain book tax differences yang diproksikan menjadi beda permanen dan beda temporer, serta arus kas. Variabel kontrol yang digunakan adalah Return On Assets (ROA) dan ukuran perusahaan. Sedangkan variabel dependennya adalah pertumbuhan laba. Analisis data dengan menggunakan regresi berganda (Ordinary Least Square). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beda permanen dan beda temporer dari book tax differences serta arus kas berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba perusahaan. ROA dan ukuran perusahaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba.</p>

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