I’ll be there for you? Effects of Islamophobic online hate speech and counter speech on Muslim in-group bystanders’ intention to intervene

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110175
Author(s):  
Magdalena Obermaier ◽  
Desirée Schmuck ◽  
Muniba Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Bystander Intervention ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Willingness To Intervene

Online hate speech is very common. This is problematic as degrading social groups can traumatize targets, evoke stress, and depression. Since no reaction of others could suggest the acceptability of hate speech, bystander intervention is essential. However, it is unclear when and how minorities react to hate speech. Drawing from social identity theory and research on in-group intervention, we inquire how Islamophobic online hate speech and counter speech by majority or minority members shape Muslims’ willingness to intervene. Thus, in an online experiment ( N = 362), we varied the presence of Islamophobic online hate speech and counter speech by a (non-) Muslim. Results showed that Islamophobic online hate speech led to a perceived religious identity threat which, in turn, increased the personal responsibility to intervene and resulted in higher intentions to utter factual counter speech. In addition, counter speech by both majority and minority members directly reduced Muslims’ intentions to counterargue hatefully.

scholarly journals The role of integrated offline/online social activity and social identification in Facebook citizenship behaviour formation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Ahmed Bhatti ◽  
Ghulam Ali Arain ◽  
Hina Mahboob Yasin ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shakaib Akram
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Activity Integration

PurposeDrawing on social identity theory and prosocial behaviour research, this study explores how people's integration of their offline and online social activities through Facebook cultivates their Facebook citizenship behaviour (FCB). It also offers further insight into the underlying mechanism of offline and online social activity integration - FCB relation by investigating people's social identification with their offline and online social groups as possible mediators.Design/methodology/approachBased on social identity theory (SIT) literature, community citizenship behaviour and offline-online social activity integration through Facebook, we developed a conceptual model, which was empirically tested using data from 308 Facebook usersFindingsThe results confirm that the participants' offline-online social activity integration via Facebook is positively linked to their FCB. Further, the integration of offline and online social activity through Facebook positively affects how a person identifies with their offline and online social groups, which in turn causes them to display FCB. In addition, offline/online social identification mediates the integration – FCB relation.Practical implicationsIn practice, it is interesting to see people's tendency towards altruistic behaviours within groups they like to associate themselves with. Those who share their Facebook network with their offline friends can use such network to seek help and support.Originality/valueFrom a theoretical perspective, unlike past research, this study examines how individuals' offline-online social activity integration via Facebook helps them associate with groups. In addition, this study investigates social identification from an offline and online perspective.

Status and Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Deborah Welch Larson ◽  
Alexei Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
International Standing

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book draws on social identity theory (SIT) for insights into how status concerns and social identity shape Chinese and Russian foreign policy. SIT argues that social groups strive to achieve a positively distinctive identity. When a group's identity is threatened, it may pursue one of several identity management strategies: social mobility, social competition, or social creativity. Using SIT as a framework, the book addresses several questions. First, how important were status considerations in shaping Chinese and Russian foreign policy? Second, why did China and Russia choose a particular strategy in a given context for improving their state's international standing? Third, how effective were their chosen strategies as measured by the perceptions and beliefs of the leading states.

Do journalists cater to audience's social identity? Assessing the alignment of news content with readers’ national identity orientations

2021 ◽  
pp. 174804852110644
Author(s):  
Miki Tanikawa
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Home Culture ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foreign News ◽  
National Stereotypes

This study investigated the use of national stereotypes and home cultural referents (so-called “domestication”) in foreign news reporting, in relation to social identity theory which posits that individuals are drawn to information/assessments that positively describe the social groups to which they belong. Through a content analysis of influential newspapers from three different countries, this study finds that foreign news coverage tends to depict the home culture favorably while generally denigrating foreign societies, consistent with the theory's predictions. The study also finds that foreign news generally portrays the foreign society negatively with or without the stereotype but that stereotyping will enhance negativity. This research also employed cultural theories to probe the reciprocal nature between the audience and the journalists, both of who may share similar cultural frames.

Gender disparaging jokes: An investigation of sexist-nonstereotypical jokes on funniness, typicality, and the moderating role of ingroup identification

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Abrams ◽  
Amy M. Bippus ◽  
Karen J. McGaughey
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ingroup Identification ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis experiment relied on social identity theory to investigate jokes that express superiority and denigration toward social groups. In particular, the social identity of gender is examined in the context of sexist-nonstereotypical jokes. Results revealed that sexist-nonstereotypical jokes had the greatest impact on women. Specifically, women rated jokes about men funnier than jokes about themselves, and highly identified women found jokes targeting men significantly funnier than jokes targeting women. These results, and others relating to prototypicality, offer insight into how disparaging intergroup jokes function to accentuate and attenuate intergroup relations.

Everyone Hates the NCAA: The Role of Identity in the Evaluations of Amateurism Transgressions: A Case Study of the Chase Young’s Loan Scandal

2021 ◽  
pp. 216747952110091
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Cranmer ◽  
Brandon Boatwright ◽  
SaiDatta Mikkilineni ◽  
Joey Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Football Player ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Exchange Information

This manuscript is a case study into public responses to an amateurism transgression committed by Chase Young, a former Ohio State University football player and Heisman candidate. In November of 2019, Young utilized his personal Twitter to announce an amateurism transgression stemming from his acceptance of an improper loan. This study considers 1,674 public and direct replies to Young on Twitter. A variety of themes were identified, including attempts to support Young, externalize the blame, dispute Young’s story, exchange information, communicate ambiguously, and contemplate consequences of the transgression. Utilizing social identity theory and identity threat management, public expressions of fandom were positioned as a variable that explained the diversity in responses to Young’s transgression. Indeed, findings illustrated in-group and out-group biases, whereby Ohio State fans supported Young and fans of other teams disputed his story. Interestingly non-expressed fans engaged in image repair on Young’s behalf via externalizing blame to other institutions, especially the NCAA, which may demonstrate the interplay of multifaceted identities. Results from this manuscript help lay the groundwork for audience-centered efforts to understand athlete transgressions.

Music Preference, Social Identity, and Self-Esteem

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Shepherd ◽  
Nicola Sigg
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Music Preference ◽  
Music Preferences ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Representative Model

Social identity theory posits that membership to social groups serves to enhance and maintain self-esteem. In young people music plays a prominent role in defining social identity, and so a relationship between music preference and self-esteem is expected, but is as yet unconfirmed by the literature. The objective of this study was to further examine the association between music preference and the self-esteem, and to apply social identity theory to differences in music preferences and self-esteem. The present study measured self-esteem from university students (n = 199) using Rosenberg’s (1965) self-esteem scale, and employed confirmatory factor analysis to derive a representative model of the self-esteem data. Music preference scores for clusters of music genres were found to significantly correlate with self-esteem. Furthermore, some measures of group differentiation based on music preference were significantly associated with self-esteem, but the relationships differed depending on gender. Overall, the results provided both support and challenges for social identity theory.

scholarly journals The Labeling of Good and Evil in “Descendants”

K ta Kita ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Alicia Nagaseta
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Topic Labeling ◽  
Concept Theory ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Good And Evil

This paper aims to discuss the instilment of good and evil as well as their effects to the royal and villains’ children. I will use the theories of labeling, social identity, and self-concept to analyze the topic. Labeling theory is applied to analyze the ways the labels good and evil are formed through the parents’ past interaction with each other before they instilled it to their children. Social identity theory is used to analyze the ways the children construct their identities depending on the social group they live in. Finally, self-concept theory is applied in providing the ways that the labels good and evil shape the children’s perspective and behavior toward themselves. In the end, it can be concluded that the labeling of good and evil in Descendants could be passed down from parents to children.The labels, along with social groups and other people’s opinions could shape the children’s self-concept about themselves. 

scholarly journals Social Identity Theory and Communication

Communication ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Rowling
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members

In the 1970s, scholars in social psychology began exploring the process by which individuals attach their own identity to the groups in which they associate. This gave rise to social identity theory, which rests on the notion that, through largely unconscious cognitive processes, individuals who value and closely identify with a particular social group (e.g., familial, ethnic, religious, gender, partisan, national, etc.) will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. Social identity theory also suggests that individuals do more than merely identify with the social groups to which they belong; they also derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from these groups. As a result, group members often engage in favoritism toward their own social group and, at times, denigration of other social groups as a way to protect or enhance their own group identity. Because individuals identify with multiple groups, the concept of salience is also crucial to our understanding of social identity theory. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. Given the obvious import and relevance of these dynamics to various aspects of society, research on social identity theory has grown exponentially over the past several decades, especially within the social sciences. Scholars in the fields of psychology, sociology, political science, and communication, for example, have increasingly paid attention to and incorporated social identity theory into their study of everything from how politicians communicate to how people vote to how people interact with other cultures. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. With a focus on the intersection of social identity theory and communication research, this article seeks to identify the foundational works within this area of research, recognize the primary journals in which this research can be found, discuss the key concepts and terms associated with this research, and explore how social identity theory has evolved both theoretically and empirically since its inception in the 1970s.

Assimilation and Diversity: An Integrative Model of Subgroup Relations

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Hornsey ◽  
Michael A. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Subgroup ◽  
Psychological Models

A model of sociostructural relations among subgroups within a superordinate category is presented. Contextualized by discussion of political and social psychological models of intergroup contact, we extend principles of social identity theory to address structural differentiation within groups. Subgroup identity threat plays a pivotal role in the nature of subgroup relations, as do the social realities of specific subgroup relations (i.e., inclusiveness, nested vs. crosscutting categories, leadership, instrumental goal relations, power and status differentials, subgroup similarity). Our analysis suggests that subgroup identity threat is the greatest obstacle to social harmony; social arrangements that threaten social identity produce defensive reactions that result in conflict. Social harmony is best achieved by maintaining, not weakening, subgroup identities, and locating them within the context of a binding superordinate identity.

Heir of the Prophets

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-286
Author(s):  
Hadi Qazwini
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Burial Site

This article explores veneration of Ḥusayn b. ‘Alī (d. 61/680) and the place of his ritual visitation (ziyārah) and pilgrimage to his tomb in Karbala in the construction of Twelver Shī‘ī socio-religious identity. Following the theoretical approach of social identity theory, I argue that Twelver Shī‘ī veneration of Ḥusayn operates not only vertically, that is, to appeal to the divine, but also horizontally, that is, to secure a prominent socio-religious lineage for Twelver Shī‘īs vis-à-vis the non-Shī‘ī Muslim, Jewish, and Christian traditions. Through close reading and analysis of reports (ḥadīths/akhbār) compiled by Ibn Qūluwayh (d. 368-9/978-9) in his Kāmil al-Ziyārāt (The Complete Visitations), a fourth/tenth- century text devoted entirely to the theme of ritual pilgrimage, I conceptualize three levels of Twelver Shī‘ī socio-religious positioning. First, reports in this text encourage veneration of Ḥusayn and pilgrimage to his tomb as an indispensable feature of individual and communal Twelver Shī‘ī identity. Second, reports express veneration of Ḥusayn and his burial site as a marker of rivalry vis-à-vis the non-Shī‘ī Muslim tradition. Finally, the socio-religious place of Twelver Shī‘īs is further enhanced through reports depicting major figures from the Jewish and Christian traditions as participating in the veneration of Ḥusayn.

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