Inferior Longitudinal Fascicle and Reading: Exploring Their Relationship Through a Brain Stimulation Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 152574012110568
Author(s):  
Christos Papatzalas ◽  
Ilias Papathanasiou ◽  
Thanasis Paschalis ◽  
Christos Tzerefos ◽  
Eftychia Kapsalaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Subcortical Mapping ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychological

Awake brain surgery allows for maximal tumor resection, while minimizing postoperative deficits, even when the tumor is located within eloquent brain regions. In the current study, we present the case of a patient who underwent awake craniotomy to remove a space-occupying lesion located at the left (dominant) temporal lobe. During subcortical mapping, electrical stimulation of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus caused severe errors (paralexias) on a semantic odd-word out task, but not on other tasks that use different input routes and processes. The cognitive neuropsychological model for single word processing assisted us to associate a specific structure (inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF)) with a specific cognitive process (i.e., access to the semantic system). Our results highlight the importance of subcortical fascicles in reading and agree with previous studies regarding the critical role of ILF in reading comprehension.

Friends of Rose Canyon

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 2-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
First Century ◽  
Grassroots Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
University City ◽  
Participant Observer ◽  
The Rose

Place-based activism has played a critical role in the history of urban and environmental politics in California. This article explores the continuing significance of environmental place making to grassroots politics through a case study of Friends of Rose Canyon, an environmental group in San Diego. Based in the fast-growing University City neighborhood, Friends of Rose Canyon waged a long, successful campaign between 2002 and 2018 to prevent construction of a bridge in the Rose Canyon Open Space Park in their community. Using historical and participant observer methodologies, this study reveals how twenty-first-century California urbanites claimed and created meaningful local places and mobilized effective politics around them. It illuminates the critical role of individual activists; suggests practical, replicable strategies for community mobilization; and demonstrates the significant impact of local activism at the urban and metropolitan scales.

Case Study: The Critical Role of Sealants in the Repair of a Fluid-Applied Roofing Membrane

2015 ◽  
pp. 328-348
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Magnuson ◽  
W. Joseph Macicak ◽  
Otto C. Guedelhoefer ◽  
David M. VanDommelen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role

The role of the cerebellum in creativity and expert stone knapping

2020 ◽  
pp. 105971232096646
Author(s):  
Frederick L Coolidge
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Engagement Theory ◽  
Motor Movements ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Stone Knapping

The purpose of this article is to review the evolution and function of the cerebellum, particularly in regard to its role in creativity and expert stone knapping. First, the article reviews the history of the cerebellum, its evolution and phylogenetics, and its concerted evolution with various brain regions. It also notes the critical role of the cerebellum and the cerebro-cerebellar network in its traditionally recognized control of gross and fine motor movements and in its exaptation for basic and higher level cognitive processes, particularly in regard to increasingly more sophisticated stone knapping. Also, reviewed are various theories, advanced over the past three decades, of how the cerebellum tweaks and refines thoughts, images, and ideas just as it refines and smooths motor movements. Baddeley’s working memory model is also prominently featured, as are the works of Ito, Vandervert, and others on the cerebellum’s role in novel problem-solving, insight, and creativity. Finally, this article reviews two “Cognitive Rubicons” in stone tool knapping, Theory of Mind and stone knapping, and Malafouris’ Material Engagement Theory. The article concludes with a novel hypothesis that the automaticity provided by the cerebellum derived from extensive practice in stone knapping may have freed Baddeley’s central executive from its attentional demands and allows the mind to “wander and wonder.”

Oral reading in bilingual aphasia: Evidence from Mongolian and Chinese

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRENDAN STUART WEEKES ◽  
I FAN SU ◽  
WENGANG YIN ◽  
XIHONG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Bilingual Aphasia ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychological ◽  
The Brain

Cognitive neuropsychological studies of bilingual patients with aphasia have contributed to our understanding of how the brain processes different languages. The question we asked is whether differences in script have any impact on language processing in bilingual aphasic patients who speak languages with different writing systems: Chinese and Mongolian. We observed a pattern of greater impairment to written word comprehension and oral reading in L2 (Chinese) than in L1 (Mongolian) for two patients. We argue that differences in script have only a minimal effect on written word processing in bilingual aphasia when the age of acquisition, word frequency and imageability of lexical items is controlled. Our conclusion is that reading of familiar words in Mongolian and Chinese might not require independent cognitive systems or brain regions.

scholarly journals Individual variables with an impact on knowledge sharing: the critical role of employees’ ignorance

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Israilidis ◽  
Evangelia Siachou ◽  
Louise Cooke ◽  
Russell Lock
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Multinational Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Communication In Organizations ◽  
Organizational Ability ◽  
Individual Variables

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify individual variables with an impact on knowledge sharing and explore the under-discussed construct of employees’ ignorance. This can enhance the knowledge-sharing process and facilitate the development of greater intellectual capital. Design/methodology/approach – Eighty-four dependent variables affecting knowledge sharing are analyzed and classified into 11 categories. In addition, the direct effect of employees’ ignorance on knowledge sharing is introduced and empirically investigated in a case study of a multinational organization operating within the aerospace and defense industry. Findings – The findings suggest that employees’ ignorance may negatively affect their intention to share knowledge, thus leading to poor decision-making and communication in organizations. Employees’ ignorance could also limit the organizational ability to repel external threats, implement innovation and manage future risks. Originality/value – A classification scheme based on different categories of employees’ ignorance is developed, providing tailor-made recommendations for practitioners facing different types of ill-informed organizational scenarios. Further, the need to shift the emphasis away from the management of knowledge to the management of ignorance is also an important contribution of this paper.

scholarly journals Serotonin 2A Receptor Signaling Underlies LSD-induced Alteration of the Neural Response to Dynamic Changes in Music

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 3939-3950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S Barrett ◽  
Katrin H Preller ◽  
Marcus Herdener ◽  
Petr Janata ◽  
Franz X Vollenweider
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
5Ht2a Receptor ◽  
Serotonin 2A

AbstractClassic psychedelic drugs (serotonin 2A, or 5HT2A, receptor agonists) have notable effects on music listening. In the current report, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was collected during music listening in 25 healthy adults after administration of placebo, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and LSD pretreated with the 5HT2A antagonist ketanserin, to investigate the role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in the neural response to the time-varying tonal structure of music. Tonality-tracking analysis of BOLD data revealed that 5HT2A receptor signaling alters the neural response to music in brain regions supporting basic and higher-level musical and auditory processing, and areas involved in memory, emotion, and self-referential processing. This suggests a critical role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in supporting the neural tracking of dynamic tonal structure in music, as well as in supporting the associated increases in emotionality, connectedness, and meaningfulness in response to music that are commonly observed after the administration of LSD and other psychedelics. Together, these findings inform the neuropsychopharmacology of music perception and cognition, meaningful music listening experiences, and altered perception of music during psychedelic experiences.

The critical role of NIR spectroscopy and statistical process control (SPC) strategy towards captopril tablets (25 mg) manufacturing process understanding: a case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Panizzon Dal Curtivo ◽  
Nathália Bitencourt Funghi ◽  
Guilherme Diniz Tavares ◽  
Sávio Fujita Barbosa ◽  
Raimar Löbenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Statistical Process Control ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Process Understanding

scholarly journals The Role of Academic Advisors in the Development of Transfer Student Capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Shannon Hayes ◽  
Leslie Lindeman ◽  
Casey Lukszo
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transfer Student ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Transfer Advising ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between pre-transfer advising and the development of transfer student capital (TSC) for students who have transferred from community college to a four-year university. Using TSC as a framework, this qualitative case study seeks to identify the roles that pre-transfer advisors at community colleges and universities have in students' transfer processes. In this study, we find that advisors can play a critical role in building students' TSC and supporting students' self-efficacy. We also find that students indicate that advisors sometimes provide conflicting information or that advising can often be inaccessible to students, which can lead to self-advising. Implications and recommendations are discussed.

Communication Themes of Patient Engagement for Multi-speciality Hospitals: Nurses’ Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-546
Author(s):  
Harbir Singh ◽  
Ajoy K. Dey ◽  
Arunaditya Sahay
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Different Types

Introduction: Patient engagement is engaging patients in their own medical care to heal them faster and take their valuable inputs to improve the health of population. Nurses contribute significantly in treatment, interact and spend most of their time with inpatients. Therefore, exploring the perspectives of nurses on patient engagement-communication is of vital importance. Objective: This article focuses on exploring the communication themes of patient engagement from the perspective of nurses in a multi-speciality hospital in Delhi. Methodology: The exploratory qualitative case study was carried out with semi-structured interviews of 12 nurses, observation at receptions of ICUs and emergency department and analysis of documents from the hospital’s official website. Grounded theory—three-level coding—was performed to identify the themes of patient engagement-communication. Results: A total of nine themes have been identified: ‘attendant’s role’, ‘communicating with patients of different categories’, ‘doctor’s support to nurses’, ‘nurse action’, ‘nurse behaviour’, ‘nurse challenges’, ‘patient actions’, ‘patient emotions’ and ‘wider role of nurses’. Conclusion: Nurses play a critical role in engaging patients through communication. They should change their approach of communication with different types of patients, understand, respect and give due weightage to patient’s emotions and actions and, play a wider role of teacher and guardian than just being the nurse.

Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-411
Author(s):  
Cristian S Bernabe ◽  
Izabela F Caliman ◽  
William A Truitt ◽  
Andrei I Molosh ◽  
Christopher A Lowry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dorsal Raphe ◽  
Raphe Nucleus ◽  
Selective Lesion ◽  
Anxious Behavior ◽  
Dorsal Raphé

Background: The central serotonergic system originating from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) plays a critical role in anxiety and trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Although many studies have investigated the role of serotonin (5-HT) within pro-fear brain regions such as the amygdala, the majority of these studies have utilized non-selective pharmacological approaches or poorly understood lesioning techniques which limit their interpretation. Aim: Here we investigated the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors. Methods: To achieve this goal, we utilized (1) selective lesion of 5-HT neurons projecting to the amygdala with saporin toxin conjugated to anti-serotonin transporter (SERT) injected into the amygdala, and (2) optogenetic excitation of amygdala-projecting DR cell bodies with a combination of a retrogradely transported canine adenovirus-expressing Cre-recombinase injected into the amygdala and a Cre-dependent-channelrhodopsin injected into the DR. Results: While saporin treatment lesioned both local amygdalar 5-HT fibers and neurons in the DR as well as reduced conditioned fear behavior, optical activation of amygdala-projecting DR neurons enhanced anxious behavior and conditioned fear response. Conclusion: Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.

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