In Favor of the 2019 Equality Act: A Comment on Burt

2021 ◽  
pp. 155708512199133
Author(s):  
Susan Gluck Mezey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Gender

There are three reason why I disagree with the author’s premise that 2019 Equality Act disadvantages women by blurring the distinction between sex and gender identity. First, it ignores current legal theory and practice that sex discrimination encompasses gender identity discrimination in federal law; second, it has not made a sufficient case that the Act’s interpretation of sex would harm women; third, it incorrectly assumes gender equality in the workplace can be achieved while sex-segregated spaces remain segregated by biological sex. In sum, revising the Equality Act to exempt women’s spaces would sacrifice the principle of gender equality upon which the Act is based.

scholarly journals Problematyka (nie)męskości w procesie psychoterapii

2015 ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kobryn
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Gender

The author tries to demonstrate the relations between sociological concepts of constructing men’s gender identity and the theory and practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The complexity of the processes (intra-individual and social), in which a man recognizes his gender identity and sexual orientation, causes many theoretical and practical problems which require an interdisciplinary analysis. The article presents the dilemmas associated with different variants of modern man's gender identity and the difficulties for psychotherapists to negotiate them. The author points to the potential of sociological theories calling for the rejection of the category of biological sex, which can serve as inspiration for psychotherapists working with individuals being outside the common scheme of sexuality and gender.

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IN THE CONTEMPORARY HUMANITIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Olga A. Voronina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Knowledge ◽  
Feminist Philosophy ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Constructivist Model ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the concept of gender in social knowledge and the humanities. The term «gender» encompasses biological (sexual), psychological, social, cultural, symbolic aspects of human life. Even before the introduction of this term into scientific publications in the 1960s, the phenomenon itself was discovered in three types of knowledge: in psychology and psychiatry when studying various forms of sexuality and sexual identity, in anthropological and ethnographic studies, and in the feminist philosophy of culture. This largely determined the main directions in the study and understanding of gender for several decades. The theory of socio-cultural construction of gender played the main role. It developed in parallel with other critical and constructivist scientific concepts, which in no small part led to its adoption by «academics» and the inclusion of the gender perspective in the body of scientific research. However, along with the development of postmodern feminist philosophy, the concept of gender undergoes redefinition. The constructivist model of gender is displaced by the performative concept of Judith Butler. She argues that not only gender but the biological sex does not exist outside the cultural framework and power discourse. The binary matrix of gender, gender identity and heterosexuality is approved within the framework of the dominant discourse with the help of various regulatory actions (performatives). Butler rejects this model because she claims that bodies, sex and gender identity have different configurations. The performative concept of sex was actively used in the queer project, as it provided justification for rejecting the normative binary concept of femininity and masculinity and the corresponding heterosexuality. Today, queer includes political movement, research, art, and discursive deconstruction of normative heterosexuality. The variant of mosaic nature, hybridity and relativism of identity proposed in the queer project destroys the possibility of social and political transformations in the sphere of gender equality. Instead, queer activists advocate an elusive equality of opportunity to try on different identities at one’s own discretion. At the present stage, the theoretical radicalism of queer makes the development of new social programs unlikely, while they appear to be necessary. In contrast, gender theory (in its feminist, constructivist, and cultural-symbolic modes) has had a significant scientific and social impact. The use of the gender perspective in social knowledge and the humanities has provided better understanding of the individual and society. The principle of achieving gender equality has been accepted by the world community and has become part of many programs at the international and national levels. However, the problems in the understanding of the relation between sex and gender, discovered in performative and queer theory, become significant against a background of spreading biotechnologies (from sex reassignment surgeries to assisted reproduction). This requires wider research and further discussion among different schools.

scholarly journals Case Report: Doubts and Pre-occupations About Being Transgender: Questioning One's Gender Identity or a Case of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Aboujaoude ◽  
Vladan Starcevic
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Gender Minorities ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

We report the case of a biological female with gender identity-related doubts that were misconstrued as suggesting obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The patient's parent seemed to favor an OCD explanation for the gender-based self-questioning over acceptance of possible transgender identity. We discuss what OCD is and what it is not in the context of gender identity-based doubt; analogy with the better studied sexual orientation-related OCD; cultural flashpoints around sex and gender that can become the object of OCD; how confusion about biological sex, assigned gender and gender identity can lead to clinical harm; and the role of mental health professionals in fighting the stigma faced by gender minorities.

Gender as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Michele Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Given the impact of gender on health, healthcare decisions, and treatments for illness, as well as the increased inequities encountered by non-white men and women, messages about health and health risks are affected by purposeful assumptions about gender identity. While the term sex denotes the biological sex of an individual, gender identity is about the psychological, cultural, and social assumptions about a person associated with that person because of his or her sex. Gender and health are intimately connected in a number of ways, and such connections can differ based on race, ethnicity, age, class, religion, region, country, and even continent. Thus, understanding the myriad ways that notions of gender affect the health of females and males is fundamental to understanding how communicating about risks and prevention may be tailored to each group. Gender role expectations and assumptions have serious impacts on men’s health and life expectancy rates, including self-destructive behaviors associated with mental health and tobacco use, self-neglecting behaviors linked to the reluctance of men to seek treatment for ailments, reluctance to follow a physician’s instructions after finally seeking help, and risk-taking behaviors linked to drug and alcohol use, fast driving, guns, physical aggression, and other dangerous endeavors. Because gender role expectations tend to disfavor females, it is not surprising that gender generally has an even greater impact on women’s health than on men’s. Even though biological factors allow women, on average, to live longer than men worldwide, various gendered practices (social, legal, criminal, and unethical) have serious impacts on the lives and health of women. From sex discrimination in research and treatment regarding issues linked to reproductive health, depression, sexual abuse, alcohol and drug abuse, the sex trade, and normalized violence against women (such as rape, female genital mutilation, forced prostitution/trafficking, and domestic violence), women’s lives across the globe are severely affected by gender role expectations that privilege males over females. While some general consistencies in the relationships between gender, women, and health are experienced worldwide, intersections of race, ethnicity, class, age, country, region, and religion can make for very different experiences of women globally, and even within the same country. The recent years have seen an increasing call to reconsider the binary means by which we have defined sex and gender. Advances in our understandings of lesbian, gay, bisexual, intersex, and transgendered individuals have challenged traditional notions and definitions of sex and gender in important and complex ways. Such an important shift warrants a stand-alone discussion, as well as the recognition that sexual orientation should not be automatically linked to discussions of sex and gender, given that such categorization reifies the problematic sex/gender binaries that ground sexist and homophobic attitudes in the first place.

scholarly journals Redefining genderswap fan fiction: A Sherlock case study

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann McClellan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Fan Fiction ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Physical Body ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Gender

Using BBC Sherlock (2010–) fan fiction as case study, this article looks at how fans use and understand such concepts as biological sex and gender in genderswap fan fiction, arguing that the label often minimizes the importance of the physical body in determining gender identity. The label genderswap, most often used to describe stories where characters have become differently sexed, reflects and reinforces common cultural misunderstandings about differences between sex and gender. By teasing out definitions of genderswap, sex, gender, cisgender, and transgender, the article analyzes what genderswap includes and excludes from discussions of gender and identity within contemporary fan fiction, ultimately arguing for a broader conceptual understanding that grounds the genre within contemporary transgender theory.

scholarly journals Patterns of Genital Sexual Arousal in Transgender Men

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762097165
Author(s):  
Jamie Raines ◽  
Luke Holmes ◽  
Tuesday M. Watts-Overall ◽  
Erlend Slettevold ◽  
Dragos C. Gruia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Sexual Preferences ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Female Birth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Transgender Men

Most men show genital sexual arousal to one preferred gender. Most women show genital arousal to both genders, regardless of their sexual preferences. There is limited knowledge of whether this difference is driven by biological sex or gender identity. Transgender individuals, whose birth sex and gender identity are incongruent, provide a unique opportunity to address this question. We tested whether the genital responses of 25 (female-to-male) transgender men followed their female birth sex or male gender identity. Depending on their surgical status, arousal was assessed with penile gauges or vaginal plethysmographs. Transgender men’s sexual arousal showed both male-typical and female-typical patterns. Across measures, they responded more strongly to their preferred gender than to the other gender, similar to (but not entirely like) 145 cisgender (nontransgender) men. However, they still responded to both genders, similar to 178 cisgender women. In birth-assigned women, both gender identity and biological sex may influence sexual-arousal patterns.

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