Medical Use of Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 194308921350697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parva Nasimi ◽  
Maryam Haidari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Early Stages

Researchers today are able to encapsulate medicine in nanoparticles, the size of viruses. The nanoparticles are effective for drug delivery—the delivery of the medicine to the body—because they can very precisely find diseased cells and carry the medicine to them. This means that one can suffice with less dosage and thereby fewer side effects. In addition, nanoscience and nanotechnological methods are spurring the development of more sophisticated tools for detecting diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, at early stages and performing neurosurgery. Applications of nanotechnology in disease diagnoses are developing rapidly. Their unique size-dependent properties make these materials superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity.

Biocompatible Polymers and their Potential Biomedical Applications: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (34) ◽  
pp. 3608-3619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Arif ◽  
Sajjad Haider ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
Naeem Khan ◽  
Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Living System ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biocompatible Polymers ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Artificial Grafts ◽  
Immunological Reactions

Background: Biocompatible polymers are gaining great interest in the field of biomedical applications. The term biocompatibility refers to the suitability of a polymer to body and body fluids exposure. Biocompatible polymers are both synthetic (man-made) and natural and aid in the close vicinity of a living system or work in intimacy with living cells. These are used to gauge, treat, boost, or substitute any tissue, organ or function of the body. A biocompatible polymer improves body functions without altering its normal functioning and triggering allergies or other side effects. It encompasses advances in tissue culture, tissue scaffolds, implantation, artificial grafts, wound fabrication, controlled drug delivery, bone filler material, etc. Objectives: This review provides an insight into the remarkable contribution made by some well-known biopolymers such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), polyLactic Acid, poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), Chitosan and Cellulose in the therapeutic measure for many biomedical applications. Methods: : Various techniques and methods have made biopolymers more significant in the biomedical fields such as augmentation (replaced petroleum based polymers), film processing, injection modeling, blow molding techniques, controlled / implantable drug delivery devices, biological grafting, nano technology, tissue engineering etc. Results: The fore mentioned techniques and other advanced techniques have resulted in improved biocompatibility, nontoxicity, renewability, mild processing conditions, health condition, reduced immunological reactions and minimized side effects that would occur if synthetic polymers are used in a host cell. Conclusion: Biopolymers have brought effective and attainable targets in pharmaceutics and therapeutics. There are huge numbers of biopolymers reported in the literature that has been used effectively and extensively.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of folate-conjugated polymers and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Siemiaszko ◽  
Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska ◽  
Karolina H. Markiewicz ◽  
Iwona Misztalewska-Turkowicz ◽  
Ewelina Dudź ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Controlled Polymerization ◽  
Micellar Systems

Abstract Background In recent years, targeted drug delivery strategies have received special attention from the scientific world due to advantages such as more effective therapy and reduction of side effects. The principle of operation is delayed excretion from the bloodstream of the drug delivery system compared to the drug itself, as well as facilitated penetration into diseased cells thanks to the use of ligands recognized by appropriate receptors. Particularly interesting drug carriers are amphiphilic copolymers that form nano-sized micelles with a drug, which can release the drug at a specific place in the body under the influence of appropriate stimuli. Results We describe the synthesis of the diblock polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) using RAFT/MADIX (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer/MAcromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate) controlled polymerization affording polymers with good dispersity according to SEC (Size-Exclusion Chromatography). Some post-modifications of the polymer with folic acid were then performed as evidenced by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV–Vis (UltraViolet–Visible) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, and TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis). The formation of stable micellar systems from polymers with and without the drug, 5-fluorouracil, was confirmed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) imaging. Finally, the cloud point of the polymers was investigated, which turned out to be close to the temperature of the human body. Most importantly, these micellar systems have been explored as a drug delivery system against colon cancer, showing increased cytotoxicity compared to the drug alone. This effect was achieved due to the easier cellular uptake by the interaction of folic acid and its receptors on the surface of cancer cells. Conclusions The presented results constitute a solid foundation for the implementation of a nano-sized drug delivery system containing folic acid for practical use in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, as well as more effective therapy with fewer side effects. Graphical Abstract

Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Delivery of Macromolecules using Nanoparticulate Carriers System

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadab Md. ◽  
Shadabul Haque ◽  
Ravi Sheshala ◽  
Lim Wei Meng ◽  
Venkata Srikanth Meka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current Formulation ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Rapid Clearance

Background: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been effective because of their rapid clearance from the body. As a result, most macromolecules are only therapeutically useful after multiple injections, which causes poor compliance and systemic side effects. Methods: Therefore, there is a need to improve delivery of therapeutic macromolecules to enable non-invasive delivery routes, less frequent dosing through controlled-release drug delivery, and improved drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce side effects. Result: Non-invasive administration routes such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and oral delivery have been attempted intensively by formulating macromolecules into nanoparticulate carriers system such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles. Conclusion: This review discusses barriers to drug delivery and current formulation technologies to overcome the unfavorable properties of macromolecules via non-invasive delivery (mainly intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal oral and ocular) with a focus on nanoparticulate carrier systems. This review also provided a summary and discussion of recent data on non-invasive delivery of macromolecules using nanoparticulate formulations.

scholarly journals MAGNETIC MICROSPHERE AN EMERGING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diksha Sharma ◽  
Abhishek Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Microspheres ◽  
Magnetic Microsphere ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Novel Drug

  The drug delivery system has been advanced to release the drug according to the body requirement during the entire period of treatment and also for the delivery at the targeted site. Several novel drug delivery systems have emerged encompassing different route of administration to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery, magnetic microsphere carrier being one of them. Magnetic microsphere is an alternative to traditional radiation methods. As the traditional radiation methods use highly penetrating radiation that is absorbed throughout the body and cause side effects hence its use is limited. Therefore, a safe and effective alternate is needed like magnetic microsphere. The excessive circulating drug particles are minimized by this delivery system. Moreover, the aim of specific targeting is to enhance the effectiveness of drug delivery and at the same time to lessen the toxicity and side effects. Magnetic carriers receive magnetic responses to a magnetic field from incorporated materials that are used for magnetic microsphere are chitosan, dextran, etc. One of the most utilized magnetic microspheres is serum albumine whether from human or other suitable animals. Drug release from the albumin microsphere can be controlled by various stabilization procedures. Overall, the targeted magnetic microsphere is much valuable novel drug delivery system for what more work have to be done. By knowing the importance of all this, the present paper reviews the mechanism, preparation, and applications of magnetic microspheres. As the targeted drug delivery system implies selective and effective localization of drug into the target at therapeutic concentrations with limited access to non-target sites. Magnetic microspheres hold great promises for reaching the goal of controlled and site-specific drug delivery.

scholarly journals Surface modified receptor mediated delivery systems for site specific treatment of cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fenil Vanapariya ◽  
Miteshkumar Malviya ◽  
Shiroya Milankumar Nathabhai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Surface Modified

The treatment of the cancer has many challenges now a days due to side effects of the treatment. However, in the modern formulation development the concept of the site specific drug delivery for disease treatment in the body is considering as continuous challenges. Observing the challenges in convectional technique site specific drug delivery system has good potential to reduce adverse side effects, efficiently improve the human body health with very low toxicity. This review article elaborates the current challenges and prospective of surface modified drug carrier systems for delivery of protein for site-specific treatment of cancer and anti-cancer drug.

scholarly journals Prevention error medications in geriatric

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Al-Madi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologic Drugs ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

The global population of multimorbidity in old people is growing steadily. And The important point  is that significant percentages of the elderly have several con­comitant diseases, which leads to the concomitant use of three or more medications, and physiologic changes which could affect drug pharmacokinetics(absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (the effect a drug has on the body). which increases their risk of inappropriate prescribing (IP),drug–drug interactions,drug–disease interactions, adverse drug events (ADEs),and medication errors, and there are  a lot of traditional methods to reduce prescribing errors like the role of education in physician prescribers and clinical pharmacists, the use of implicit and explicit prescribing criteria designed to improve medication appropriateness in older people, and the application of information and communication-technology systems to minimize errors.But we can minimize the errors and the side effects by using new methods to drug delivery,one of which is the erythrocyte-based drug delivery. These systems are especially efficient in releasing drugs in circulations for weeks, have a large capacity, can be easily processed and can accommodate traditional and biologic drugs. These carriers have also been used for delivering antigens and/or contrasting agents. Erythrocyte-based delivery of new and conventional drugs is thus experiencing increasing interests in drug delivery and in managing complex pathologies especially when side effects could become serious issues.

scholarly journals Antitumor vector systems based on bioactive lectin of Bacillus subtilis ІМВ B-7724

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
A. L. Petranovska ◽  
◽  
A. P. Kusyak ◽  
N. M. Korniichuk ◽  
S. P. Turanska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Vector Systems ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Mcf 7

Сombination of properties of lectins and magnetically sensitive iron-containing nanocomposites (NC) for use in oncology is actual and promising from scientific and applied point of view. The aim of the research is to synthesize and to study new iron-containing NC and magnetic fluids containing bioactive bacterial lectin, promising for use as prototypes of new effective antitumor vector systems for targeted drug delivery and combined local therapy of cancer with minimized side effects on the body and improved compatibility with other remedies. To create vector systems, nanodisperse magnetite was synthesized by the Elmore reaction. The synthesis of aluminum-containing coating on the surface of Fe3O4 was carried out by double chemical modification with aluminum isopropylate. The obtained Fe3O4/Al2O3 NC was impregnated with sucrose solutions. Carbonization of the carbohydrate shell of NC was carried out in argon (500 °C). As a result, Fe3O4/Al2O3/C NC was obtained. The magnetic properties of nanostructures were measured using a laboratory vibration magnetometer of Foner type at room temperature. Adsorption immobilization of lectin was performed in 0.9 % NaCl solution in a dynamic mode at room temperature. Bacterial cytotoxic lectin of B. subtilis IMB B-7724 was used in the experiments. The amount of adsorbed substance (A) on the surface of nanocomposites was determined by measuring the concentration of lectin in the contact solutions before and after adsorption using a calibration graph. Measuring of the optical density and absorption spectra of lectin was performed on a spectrometer Lambda 35 UV/vis Perkin Elmer Instruments at λ = 280 nm. Standard techniques and equipment were used for biological research. The processes of adsorption immobilization of cytotoxic bacterial lectin of B. subtilis IMB B-7724 from physiologic saline on the surface of magnetite and carbon-containing Fe3O4/Al2O3/C NC were studied at room temperature. It has been found that the adsorption capacity of lectin on the surface of magnetite is 25.3 mg/g, and Fe3O4/Al2O3/C NC – 36.3 mg/g (at initial concentrations of lectin 0.06–0.4 mg/mL). The extraction extent of lectin R (%) was 12–38 % for magnetite and 46–67 % for Fe3O4/Al2O3/C NC. The dependence of the adsorption capacity on time was studied. A magnetic fluid (MF) based on single-domain Fe3O4, containing lectin was synthesized and investigated. Immobilization of lectin on MF particles was carried out in a dynamic mode at room temperature for 3 hours. The concentration of lectin in the composition of MF was 0.2 mg/mL. MF with immobilized lectin was further modified with PEG-2000. The synthesis of Fe3O4/ol.Na/lectin/PEG (ol.Na – sodium oleate) vector system was carried out in a dynamic mode for 3 hours. Modification of the surface of nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol was performed in order to increase the stability of the magnetic fluid, reducing the aggregation of particles. To determine the effect of experimental samples on the viability of MCF-7 cells in vitro, the following samples were prepared: Fe3O4/ol.Na/PEG (MF), CFe3O4 = 3 mg/mL; cytotoxic lectin of B. subtilis IMB B-7724 (CL), CCL = 0.2 mg/mL; nanobiocomposite (NBC). Nanobiocomposite based on MF and bacterial lectin was found to have a synergistic cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, causing up to 40 % cell death. The IC50 values for the nanobiocomposite and lectin in relation to MCF-7 cells were 100 and 125 μg/mL, respectively. The results of research show that the combination of properties of lectins and magnetically sensitive iron-containing NC for use in oncology is a promising direction in creating new effective antitumor vector systems for targeted drug delivery and combined local therapy of cancer. The use of natural components in vector systems is a way to minimize the side effects on the body and improve compatibility with other antitumor remedies.

scholarly journals Design and Construction of Ph-Sensitive Drug Delivery System Based on Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment by Drug Delivery System Containing Curcumin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Darvishi ◽  
Mahsa Minadi ◽  
Somayeh Mirsadeghi ◽  
Behrang Shiri
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Targeted Drug

Introduction: Much research has been carried out to improve drug delivery and targeted drug delivery to the body in order to minimize side effects, provide controlled delivery of the drug to the desired location and to achieve optimal therapeutic effects. Zeolitic imidazolate-8 (ZIF-8) is a subset of MOFs that are biocompatible, stable in the aquatic environment and have adjustable porosity. In addition, at pHs 5 or 6, the bond between imidazolate-zinc ions disappears and releases the drug. In this project, ZIF-8 was used as a curcumin carrier to improve the physicochemical properties and enhance the efficacy of lipophilic drugs in the treatment of cancer. Methods: This research was a basic experimental study. ZIF-8 nanoparticles were fabricated by co-precipitation method. In addition, to prove their pH sensitivity, curcumin was first encapsulated in situ in ZIF-8 and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS methods. Then its release was investigated at two pH of five and 7.4 saline phosphate buffer. Finally, In vitro study by MTT assay was performed on prostate cancer cell line (PC3). Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 16 software. Results: After characterization of the nanoparticles by the mentioned methods, it was found that the nanoparticle dimensions were between 80-60 nm and the nanoparticle dimensions with curcumin were between 120-110 nm. In addition, in the synthesis of ZIF-8 nanoparticles, %72 of the drug was loaded, which is an acceptable amount. Conclusion: These nanoparticles showed high capacity in the treatment of prostate cancer and minimal damage to healthy cells. It can be said that using this formulation for targeted drug delivery of cancer not only reduces the side effects of anti-cancer drugs but also increases their effectiveness and can also be used to deliver low-soluble or insoluble drugs in biological environments.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles as carriers of proteins, peptides and other therapeutic molecules

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pudlarz ◽  
Janusz Szemraj
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

AbstractNanoparticles have many applications both in industry and medicine. Depending upon their physical and chemical properties, they can be used as carriers of therapeutic molecules or as therapeutics. Nanoparticles are made of synthetic or natural polymers, lipids or metals. Their use allows for faster transport to the place of action, thus prolonging its presence in the body and limiting side effects. In addition, the use of such a drug delivery system protects the drug from rapid disintegration and elimination from the body. In recent years, the use of proteins and peptides as therapeutic molecules has grown significantly. Unfortunately, proteins are subject to enzymatic digestion and can cause unwanted immune response beyond therapeutic action. The use of drug carriers can minimize undesirable side effects and reduce the dose of medication needed to achieve the therapeutic effect. The current study presents the use of several selected drug delivery systems for the delivery of proteins, peptides and other therapeutic molecules.

Review on Targeted Drug Delivery Carriers Used in Nanobiomedical Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashiprabha Punyakantha Dunuweera ◽  
Rajapakse Mudiyanselage Shashanka Indeevara Rajapakse ◽  
Rajapakshe Babilage Sanjitha Dilan Rajapakshe ◽  
Sudu Hakuruge Dilan Priyankara Wijekoon ◽  
Mallika Gedara Gayan Sasanka Nirodha Thilakarathna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Targeted Drug

Targeted drug delivery (TDD) is an advanced and smart method of delivering drugs to the patients in a targeted sequence that increases the concentration of delivered drug only at the targeted body part of interest (organs/tissues/cells). This will in turn enhance efficacy of treatment by reducing side effects and the required dose of the drug. TDD ensures a certain defined minimally required constant amount of a therapeutic agent for a prolonged period of time to a targeted diseased area within the body. This helps maintain the required plasma and tissue drug levels in the body thereby avoiding any damage to the healthy tissue via the drug. Various drug carriers that are envisaged in advanced delivery systems are soluble polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, biodegradable microsphere polymers (synthetic and natural), neutrophils, fibroblasts, artificial cells, lipoproteins, liposomes, micelles and immune micelle. In selecting such a vehicle, important factors to consider are chemical and physical properties drugs, side effects or cytotoxicity to healthy cells, route to be taken for the delivery of the drug, the targeted site, and the disease. As such, TDD formulations are prepared by considering the specific properties of target cells, nature of markers or transport carriers or vehicles, which convey drug to specific receptors, and ligands and physically modulated components.

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