Changes in Rural Poverty Among Occupational Groups in Odisha: An Analysis of Post-Reform Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-165
Author(s):  
Priyabrata Sahoo ◽  
Dibakar Sahoo ◽  
Subhash Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
High Growth ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Reform Period

This article is an attempt to study the changes in rural poverty and its link with growth of farm sector output for Odisha in the post-reform period. The rural household-type (occupational groups) classification of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) from the unit-level data of Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) has been used for the class analysis of rural poverty. The Odisha economy has recorded high growth in net state domestic product (NSDP) in the post-reform period. During the decade of the 1990s, the state witnessed a negative growth in farm output, lower reduction in rural poverty and distress occupational mobility from farm to non-farm sector. However, in the next decade, the farm sector registered high growth, higher rural poverty reduction and occupational mobility within the farm sector. There has also been higher growth in monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and faster reduction in rural poverty among all the rural occupational groups in the decade of the 2000s. Thus, it is the growth of the farm sector, which remains the major driver of rural poverty reduction in Odisha.

scholarly journals NEGOTIATING POVERTY LINE-STUDY ON DENSITY EFFECT AROUND THE POVERTY LINE FOR INDIAN STATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
M. BALAJI
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Indian State

Poverty is an interlacement of income distribution below a threshold value and inequality within that boundary. To unthread the fabric of poverty and understand the dimensions of impoverishment below and around the poverty line, a deeper examination of different facets of deprived and starving households is required. This paper attempts to provide an additional tool in monitoring poverty reduction by computing density ratio and decile density trends by applying Kernel density function for the consumer expenditure distribution from the National Sample Survey Organization’s 55th ( 2000 ), 61st ( 2005 ), 66th ( 2009 ) and 68th ( 2012 ) quinquennial rounds. The progressive Indian state Kerala has exhibited a higher density ratio with the poverty tail flattening when compared with the backward State Bihar. The ways and means to succeed in reaching the end of the sea of hardship in Bihar are explored keeping in view some of the most impressive achievements of Kerala, a developed Indian state.

scholarly journals FINANCING SMALL FARMERS FOR INDIA’S FOOD SECURITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 196-212
Author(s):  
Amrit Patel
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Holding ◽  
Average Size

According to the Global Hunger Report, India continues to be among nations where hunger is "alarming". It is most disappointing that despite high economic growth, the hunger index in India between 1996 and 2011 has insignificantly improved from 22.9 to 23.7. National Sample Survey Organization data revealed that the average per capita food expenditure per annum during the period from 1993 to 2010 increased only by 0.2 % annually in rural India and declined by 0.1% in the urban areas. At any given point of time, the cereal intake of the bottom 20% people in rural India which is engaged more in manual work continues to be at least 20% less than the cereal intake of the top decile of the population, despite their better access to fruit, vegetables and meat products. Endemic hunger continues to afflict a large proportion of the population. Agricultural Census [2010–11] revealed that out of 138.35 million operational holdings in India as high as 85% (which account for 44.6% of the total cultivated area) are small and marginal farmers [S&MFs] owning less than two hectares. This, therefore, characterises India’s agriculture a small-scale-farming. Average size of small-holding is only 0.61 hectare whereas overall average size of holdings declined from 1.33 ha in 2000–01 to 1.15 in 2010–11.The role of S&MFs in boosting food output and reduction of poverty is well recognized. Therefore, the future of sustainable agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction in India depends on creating environment that enables huge number of S&MFs to easy, hassle-free and reliable access to institutional credit. Against this background, this article analyses the performance of Government–sponsored and Banks programs aimed at financing S&MFs and suggest enabling measures to achieve 8% target of credit to S&MFs within existing 18% credit to agriculture by 2017 as recently prescribed by the Reserve Bank of India [RBI].

Growth and Distribution Effects of Changes in Levels of Living in Rural India: A Decomposition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-423
Author(s):  
Jayanta Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Physical Infrastructure

This article deals with the changing pattern of levels of living in the rural regions of India during the period of 1993–1994 to 2011–2012 which also corresponds to the on-going economic reforms. These changes may be attributed either to the change in growth component or to the change in equity component or to both. The article therefore examines the effects of growth and distribution components on the variations in levels of living and their relative roles by a scheme of algebraic decomposition. It also investigates the influence of socio-economic factors on levels of living using econometric models. National Sample Survey Organisation consumer expenditure data for 15 major states of India are used for this analysis. Results show an improvement in levels of living (actual) in rural areas of all Indian states. Positive growth effect more than compensates the negative distribution effect and yield positive changes in some of the states. Further, this article argues that the main drivers of this positive change in the levels of living are development of rural physical infrastructure, attainment in education, farm income per capita, non-farm employment and livelihood diversification.

An Analysis of Factors Affecting Private Expenditure on Education in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097674792110123
Author(s):  
Ananda Mukherjee ◽  
Sarbajit Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Female Child ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Private Expenditure ◽  
The Government

Private expenditure on education is a determining factor for ensuring an individual’s educational progress. Though the government provides a vast infrastructure at minimal cost, the individuals have to incur cost from their pockets for various purposes. In this study, we have analysed the various influences on private expenditure on education based on National Sample Survey 71st round conducted in 2014. We have found that household consumer expenditure, respondent’s age, medium of instruction dummy, private coaching dummy and household computer dummy affect private expenditure on education positively, and household size, rural dummy, female dummy, social group dummies, minority religion dummy and type of school dummy affect private expenditure on education negatively. The important policy implications are the tendency to spend less for the female child needs to be amended and the male and female child needs to be given same preference when it comes to expenditure on education. Family planning should be implemented effectively to keep the household size reasonably small for better educational access of an individual. The weaker social groups such as STs, SCs and OBCs and the minorities should be supported well by scholarships and stipends for furthering their education. The number of government institutions should increase to provide low-cost education to society. English medium schools should be made to offer more seats for the financially weak. Private coaching should be made as redundant as possible by improving teaching in the schools. For having computer in households, the financially weak should get some subsidy or may be community computer centres can cater to their needs at reduced cost or free of cost. JEL: I25, I22

scholarly journals Small Area Estimation under Spatial Multivariate Fay–Herriot Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hukum chandra ◽  
Saurav Guha
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Empirical Performance ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
The Mean

Spatial version of multivariate Fay–Herriot model is introduced and small area predictor under this model is proposed. The mean squared error (MSE) estimation of the proposed small area predictor is also developed. The empirical performance of the proposed small area predictor and the MSE estimator are evaluated through simulation studies. The empirical results clearly show that the proposed small area predictor outperforms the existing predictors. The proposed MSE estimator tracks the actual value of MSE reasonably well with acceptable coverage rate. An application to estimate the disparities in food and nutrition intake from the 2011–12 Household Consumer Expenditure Survey data collected by the national sample survey office of India is also presented.

Inclusiveness of Poverty Reduction: A Study of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110635
Author(s):  
Priyabrata Sahoo ◽  
Kalandi Charan Pradhan ◽  
Tapaswini Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data

This study examines the inclusiveness of poverty reduction among the newly formed states of undivided Andhra Pradesh by looking into the poverty among the different socio-religious groups both in the rural and urban regions during the 2000’s. The major proposition that has highlighted in this study: which socio-religious groups are more poverty ridden in the undivided Andhra Pradesh and its bifurcated states (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana)? The National Sample Survey Organisation unit level data (61st and 68th rounds) on Consumption Expenditure Survey have been used for the analysis. The result reveals that Telangana is having lower poverty level than Andhra Pradesh and records a faster reduction in poverty during 2004–2005 to 2011–2012. Andhra Pradesh constitutes around 70% of the total poor of the undivided Andhra Pradesh. This study found that most of the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes among the social groups and Muslims among the religious groups are more vulnerable and having higher head count ratio than the state average. Although several welfare programmes and schemes have already been implemented to eradicate poverty and inequality, still it is not effective in the ground level. Based on this argument, our study suggests that the schemes should focus on different sections of the people irrespective of rural and urban sectors in both the recently bifurcated states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. JEL Codes: I 32, D 63, P 25

Impacts of climate shocks on household consumption and inequality in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Raavi Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Climate Shocks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper examines the impact of climate shocks, measured as temperature and precipitation variability, on real monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Indian households over the 1988–2012 period, utilising data from the National Sample Survey Organisation's Consumer Expenditure Surveys. The regression results show an increase in consumption by 1.2 per cent on average, in response to a one standard deviation rise in temperature, with heterogeneous impacts across economic sectors. While agricultural and industrial households experience consumption declines of 1.7 per cent and 8.3 per cent on average, service sector households exhibit consumption increases by 2.4–9.6 per cent on average across rural and urban regions, in response to a one standard deviation rise in temperature. The analysis suggests an increase in inequality of consumption across sectors due to climatic shocks, with implications for climate policy and sustainable development in India.

Poverty, Economic Inequality and Polarization: A District-Wise Analysis of Maharashtra

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-440
Author(s):  
Kritika Sen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Urban Sector ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

This article presents a new set of poverty, economic inequality and polarization estimates for all districts of Maharashtra based on the Modified Mixed Recall Period (MMRP) estimates of consumption expenditure from the National Sample Survey (NSS) Consumer Expenditure survey rounds 66th (2009–2010) and 68th (2011–2012). The broad picture emerging from these revised estimates is that poverty has declined during the reference period in rural as well urban sectors. However, perceptible differences between rural and urban sectors in all measures of poverty were identified along with a disaggregated study of the districts where the magnitude of poverty and inequality has been alarming and needs policy attention. The pattern of clustering of population around poles defined by MPCE has been studied by employing indices of polarization. These indicate that polarization has increased in rural sector and decreased in urban sector over the reference period.

scholarly journals Inclusive Growth in Maharashtra: A Dual Narrative

2021 ◽  
pp. 2633190X2199259
Author(s):  
M. H. Suryanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Growth Front ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
Per Capita

This study seeks to show how disaggregate profiles of welfare dimension of ‘inclusive growth’ could provide useful public policy insights in formulating development strategies. The disaggregate profile is defined with respect to regions and social groups. The study proposes concepts and illustrates with empirical estimates of measures of inclusion/exclusion and mainstreaming/marginalization for the six National Sample Survey (NSS) regions, and four social groups in rural and urban Maharashtra. The information base is the NSS estimates of household per capita consumer expenditure distribution for the two periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, respectively. The findings on outcomes show that the development experience of Maharashtra does not hold much promise on the inclusive growth front.

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