Not All Time Is Money: Women’s Burden of Unpaid Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Bhuta ◽  
Mridula Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Infrastructural Support

Since the 1990s, India has been witnessing a downward trend in female labour force participation (FLFP). Feminist economists have argued that the invisible labour of unpaid household work is quintessential for the social reproduction of the labour force. Time-use statistics can be useful for estimating the value of unpaid work and lead policy responses towards increasing FLFP. This study analyses the report on Time Use in India-2019 to draw insights from data on women’s disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving services. It is argued that this has implications for their participation in the labour market. The patriarchal structure of the family pushes the onus of domestic labour on women. This confines them to home-based, poorly remunerated and informal work, or excludes them from the labour market. Interventions in the form of generating non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, establishing infrastructural support mechanisms in workplaces and encouraging female education and employment can not only stimulate FLFP but also help to address the crisis of jobless growth.

A Choice-Theoretical Labour-Market Model: Empirical Tests at the Mesolevel

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Baumann ◽  
M M Fischer ◽  
U Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Regional Labour Markets ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Supply Model

This paper contains an analysis of a multiregional labour-supply model for Austria. In the approach suggested here attempts are made to combine the advantages of random-utility-based discrete choice theory and partial reduced-form estimation. Two recursive submodels, the labour-force participation submodel, and the commuting and employment submodel, are developed. Three different types of model specifications at the mesolevel are used to analyse the consequences of choosing a spatial framework of overlapping regional labour markets upon the model parameters, to investigate the usefulness of the model approach in relation to different regionalisation variants, and to carry out a sensitivity analysis with respect to the effects of the model parameters used to delineate the labour-market regions.

scholarly journals Working the second shift, settling in Canada and other struggles; narratives of working African-immigrant mothers in Toronto.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muno Mohamed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
African Immigrant ◽  
Immigrant Mothers ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
Second Shift

This research study explores the experiences of working African immigrant mothers in accessing formal childcare services in Toronto. I start the study with an over view of the literature on the topics of access to childcare service and women’s labour force participation. I then review social reproduction and black feminist theories; the theoretical framework for my research. I also highlight the current state of childcare in Canada and how this affects African immigrant mothers who work. The study includes qualitative in-depth interviews with four such mothers who talk about their challenges and experiences in balancing work and family responsibilities in Toronto. The study found that the mothers are dissatisfied with several aspects of the childcare services they use or have used in the past. The mothers also face many struggles owing to patriarchal gender norms in their households and loss of extended family supports after immigration.

scholarly journals Group 7: Women in the Labour Market

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prue Hyman ◽  
Rosemary Novitz ◽  
Susan Shipley ◽  
David Smith ◽  
Nicola Swainson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Market Operation ◽  
The Relationship

Gender difference constitutes a major rigidity in labour market operation and dynamics – and this justifies and requires further detailed study. Major questions addressed include: What are the levels and changes in vertical and occupational segregation and earnings differences by sex? What is the nature and relative importance of constraints on change? What is the relationship between women’s unpaid work and their work in the paid labour force?

scholarly journals The Intergenerational Transmission of Female Labour Force Participation by Gender among Native and Immigrant Europeans: A Focus on Religion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation from mothers to children. Using data collected by the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2018 (N = 118,219), we analyse four different samples of native and immigrant women and men in order to assess the relationship between working mothers and their daughters and sons' wives participation to the labour market. For both native and immigrant women, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability they were employed at the time of survey. Similarly, for both native and immigrant men, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability their wives were employed at the time of the survey. We concentrate our attention on the role of religion. We find that religiosity is negatively related to the participation of women in the labour market, with differences between those who had a working mother and those who had not. Results of some augmented models indicate that the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation varies according to religious affiliation.

The Australian labour market in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Birch ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Part Time

1 This article provides an overview of the key features of the labour market in 2019, with historical data providing insight into recent trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate reached an all-time high of 61.3%, 10 percentage points lower than the male rate. Disaggregated analysis shows this growth stems from rising participation amongst older women. This, in turn, is underpinned by a growth in feminised sectors of the labour market, notably the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. Since 2000 this sector has contributed 22.6% to total employment growth and at 2019 accounted for 13.5% of the Australian workforce. There has also been a growth in part-time and casual employment over recent years, with the latter now accounting for 25% of all employees. These are concerning developments, with estimates showing that 58.6% of casuals are not guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work in their job. The article notes that wages growth remains below that required to stimulate employment growth, and that a continued focus on conventional labour market indicators has the potential to lead to misguided policy formulation.

The Australian Labour Market in 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O'Brien ◽  
Abbas Valadkhani ◽  
Keith Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Work Choices

Both global and domestic economic growth remained robust in 2007 resulting in historically low unemployment and high labour force participation in Australia. However, these favourable labour force statistics were overshadowed for much of the year by a number of other issues such as the continuing drought, high oil and petrol prices and associated inflation and interest rate pressures, a November federal election, and the first full year of the operation of the Work Choices legislation. This article will address each of these issues by presenting an analysis of the macroeconomy and labour market, and reviewing the labour market implications of the Work Choices legislation in Australia.

scholarly journals Unemployement and Labour Force Participation : The Canadian Experience

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-75
Author(s):  
Robert Swidinsky
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Time Series Regression ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Force Time

In an analysis of the short-run sensitivity of the Canadian labour force time series regression results appear inconclusive whereas cross-section regression results suggest a strong negative response to unemployment. Generally, the findings from the cross-section are comparable neither qualitatively nor quantitatively with those from the time series.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

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