scholarly journals Prediction of fecal indicator organism concentrations in rivers: the shifting role of environmental factors under varying flow conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Herrig ◽  
Wolfgang Seis ◽  
Helmut Fischer ◽  
Julia Regnery ◽  
Werner Manz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Riverine Systems

Abstract Background Fecal indicator organisms such as Escherichia coli, enterococci, and coliphages are important to assess, monitor, and predict microbial water quality in natural freshwater ecosystems. To improve predictive modelling of fecal indicators in surface waters, it is vital to assess the influence of autochthonous and allochthonous environmental factors on microbial water quality in riverine systems. To better understand how environmental conditions influence the fate of fecal indicators under varying weather conditions, the interdependencies of environmental parameters and concentrations of E. coli, intestinal enterococci, and somatic coliphages were studied at two rivers (Rhine and Moselle in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) over a period of 2 years that exhibited contrasting hydrological conditions. Both riverine sampling sites were subject to similar meteorological conditions based on spatial proximity, but differed in hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry, thus providing further insight into the role of river-specific determinants on fecal indicator concentrations. Furthermore, a Bayesian multiple linear regression approach that complies with the European Bathing Water Directive was applied to both rivers’ datasets to test model transferability and the validity of microbial water quality predictions in riverine systems under varying flow regimes. Results According to multivariate statistical analyses, rainfall events and high water discharge favored the input and dissemination of fecal indicators in both rivers. As expected, concentrations declined with rising global solar irradiance, water temperature, and pH. While variations in coliphage concentrations were predominantly driven by hydro-meteorological factors, bacterial indicator concentrations were strongly influenced by autochthonous biotic factors related to primary production. This was more pronounced under low flow conditions accompanied by strong phytoplankton blooms. Strong seasonal variations pointed towards bacterial indicator losses due to grazing activities. The Bayesian linear regression approach provided appropriate water quality predictions at the Rhine sampling site based on discharge, global solar irradiance, and rainfall as fecal indicator distributions were predominantly driven by hydro-meteorological factors. Conclusions Assessment of microbial water quality predictions implied that rivers characterized by strong hydrodynamics qualify for multiple linear regression models using readily measurable hydro-meteorological parameters. In rivers where trophic interactions exceed hydrodynamic influences, such as the Moselle, viral indicators may pose a more reliable response variable in statistical models.

Analisa Faktor Internal Penyebab NPL Kredit Mikro: Studi Kasus PT BPR Wahana Sentra Artha Majalengka

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Faisal Salistia
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Internal Condition ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Credit Analysis

The role of BPRs in providing capital assistance to MSME business units, still has to deal with the internal management of the bank's own management.  This must be understood because  one of  the factors  to assess  the health  of  a  BPR is to look at the NPL (Non- Performing Loan) ratio, calculated from the total loans that fall into the non -current category, divided by the total credit given. Where is the maximum ratio determined by Bank Indonesia, which is below 5%. This means that if  a BPR has an NPL ratio above 5%, then it can be assumed that there is a failure in implementing an inefficient and ineffective lending strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the factors that influence the high NPL of rural banks (BPR), especially  from  credit  lending  strategies.  In  addition,  economic conditions  and business competition and forecasting of future conditions, conduct training for AO to sharpen credit analysis, ensure that the process of submission and disbursement of credit quickly and easily provides various alternative options for debtors to pay their credit, providing standard procedure for  granting credit, conducting  a  survey of  the place of  business against the submission of business credit. The research objective is to analyze 1) the influence of BP's internal conditions on the lending strategy. 2) Analyzing the effect of Credit Giving Strategy  on Non -Performing Loans. The research method uses a survey method with a multiple linear  regression approach to obtain information on the influence of both of these. The results of the study show that 1) the internal condition of the BPR has a positive and significant effect on the lending strategy (the condition  of the organization  within the organization and formally has direct and specific implications on BPR). 2) that the lending strategy has a negative and significant effect on NPL. The lending strategy applied by BPRs is a means to control the development of credit thrown into the market by the BPR.

scholarly journals Comparing Source of Agricultural Contact Water and the Presence of Fecal Indicator Organisms on the Surface of ‘Juliet’ Grape Tomatoes

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONNA M. PAHL ◽  
ADRIANA TELIAS ◽  
MICHAEL NEWELL ◽  
ANDREA R. OTTESEN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER S. WALSH
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Fruit Surface

Consumption of fresh tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) has been implicated as the cause of several foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States, most notably in cases of salmonellosis. How the levels of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in water relate to the counts of these microorganisms on the tomato fruit surface is unknown, although microbial water quality standards exist for agricultural use. This study utilized four types of FIOs currently and historically used in microbial water quality standards (Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) to monitor the water quality of two surface ponds and a groundwater source. The groundwater tested contained significantly lower counts of all FIOs than the two surface water sources (P < 0.05). Considerable variability in bacterial counts was found in the surface water sources over the course of the season, perhaps explained by environmental variables, such as water temperature, pH, precipitation, and air temperature (R2 of 0.13 to 0.27). We also monitored the fruit surface of grape tomatoes treated with overhead applications of the different water sources over the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. The type of water source and time of year significantly affected the populations of FIOs in irrigation water (P < 0.05). Despite up to 5-log differences in fecal coliforms and 3-log differences in E. coli between the water sources, there was little difference in the populations measured in washes taken from tomato fruits. This lack of association between the aforementioned FIOs present in the water samples and on the tomato fruit surface demonstrates the difficulty in developing reliable metrics needed for testing of agricultural water to ensure the effectiveness of food safety programs.

scholarly journals Microbial Water Quality Conditions Associated with Livestock Grazing, Recreation, and Rural Residences in Mixed-Use Landscapes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5207
Author(s):  
Kelsey L. Derose ◽  
Leslie M. Roche ◽  
David F. Lile ◽  
Danny J. Eastburn ◽  
Kenneth W. Tate
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Mountainous Watersheds ◽  
Rural Residences

Contamination of surface waters with microbial pollutants from fecal sources is a significant human health issue. Identification of relative fecal inputs from the mosaic of potential sources common in rural watersheds is essential to effectively develop and deploy mitigation strategies. We conducted a cross-sectional longitudinal survey of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations associated with extensive livestock grazing, recreation, and rural residences in three rural, mountainous watersheds in California, USA during critical summer flow conditions. Overall, we found that 86% to 87% of 77 stream sample sites across the study area were below contemporary Escherichia coli-based microbial water quality standards. FIB concentrations were lowest at recreation sites, followed closely by extensive livestock grazing sites. Elevated concentrations and exceedance of water quality standards were highest at sites associated with rural residences, and at intermittently flowing stream sites. Compared to national and state recommended E. coli-based water quality standards, antiquated rural regional policies based on fecal coliform concentrations overestimated potential fecal contamination by as much as four orders of magnitude in this landscape, hindering the identification of the most likely fecal sources and thus the efficient targeting of mitigation practices to address them.

Cladophora in the Great Lakes: impacts on beach water quality and human health

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Verhougstraete ◽  
M. N. Byappanahalli ◽  
J. B. Rose ◽  
R. L. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Recreational Beaches ◽  
Beach Closures ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Beach Water Quality

Cladophora in the Great Lakes grows rapidly during the warm summer months, detaches, and becomes free-floating mats as a result of environmental conditions, eventually becoming stranded on recreational beaches. Cladophora provides protection and nutrients, which allow enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, enterococci, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella to persist and potentially regrow in the presence of the algae. As a result of wind and wave action, these microorganisms can detach and be released to surrounding waters and can influence water quality. Enteric bacterial pathogens have been detected in Cladophora mats; E. coli and enterococci may populate to become part of the naturalized microbiota in Cladophora; the high densities of these bacteria may affect water quality, resulting in unnecessary beach closures. The continued use of traditional fecal indicators at beaches with Cladophora presence is inadequate at accurately predicting the presence of fecal contamination. This paper offers a substantial review of available literature to improve the knowledge of Cladophora impacts on water quality, recreational water monitoring, fecal indicator bacteria and microorganisms, and public health and policy.

Analisa Faktor Internal Penyebab NPL Kredit Mikro

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58
Author(s):  
Faisal Salistia
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Internal Condition ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Credit Analysis

The role of BPRs in providing capital assistance to MSME business units, still has to deal with the internal management of the bank's own management. This must be understood because one of the factors to assess the health of a BPR is to look at the NPL (Non- Performing Loan) ratio, calculated from the total loans that fall into the non-current category, divided by the total credit given. Where is the maximum ratio determined by Bank Indonesia, which is below 5%. This means that if a BPR has an NPL ratio above 5%, then it can be assumed that there is a failure in implementing an inefficient and ineffective lending strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the factors that influence the high NPL of rural banks (BPR), especially from credit lending strategies. In addition, economic conditions and business competition and forecasting of future conditions, conduct training for AO to sharpen credit analysis, ensure that the process of submission and disbursement of credit quickly and easily provides various alternative options for debtors to pay their credit, providing standard procedure for granting credit, conducting a survey of the place of business against the submission of business credit. The research objective is to analyze 1) the influence of BP's internal conditions on the lending strategy. 2) Analyzing the effect of Credit Giving Strategy on Non-Performing Loans. The research method uses a survey method with a multiple linear regression approach to obtain information on the influence of both of these. The results of the study show that 1) the internal condition of the BPR has a positive and significant effect on the lending strategy (the condition of the organization within the organization and formally has direct and specific implications on BPR). 2) that the lending strategy has a negative and significant effect on NPL. The lending strategy applied by BPRs is a means to control the development of credit thrown into the market by the BPR.

scholarly journals The reality of water quality monitoring for SDG 6: a report from a small town in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
Swati D. G. Rayasam ◽  
Bakul Rao ◽  
Isha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Microbial Water Quality

Abstract Based on a study of microbial water quality in a small town (Alibag) in India, we show the practical limitations of monitoring for fecal indicator bacteria to meet SDG 6. We find that even when water quality monitoring and testing infrastructure is in place, low institutional capacity and the pressure to not ‘fail’ the expected water quality standards can result in the failure to accurately report bacterial water quality.

scholarly journals Microbial water quality of recreational lakes near Tbilisi, Georgia

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterine Jaiani ◽  
Tamar Kokashvili ◽  
Nino Mitaishvili ◽  
Tinantin Elbakidze ◽  
Nino Janelidze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Microbial safety of recreational water is one of the major human public health issues in developing countries. Three water bodies, the Tbilisi Sea, Kumisi and Lisi lakes, in the South Caucasus region near Tbilisi, Georgia, were monitored in 2006–2009 to determine microbiological quality using standard methods. Microbial pollution indicators were determined in parallel with phytoplankton abundance and measurement of a number of physical–chemical parameters. Kumisi Lake, a brackish water body in an active agricultural area, appeared to be the most polluted, whereas the Tbilisi Sea, a freshwater reservoir was the least polluted. High values for fecal indicators in all three lakes in summer and early autumn were revealed. In our study, total enterococci counts (TEC) appeared to be a better indicator than either fecal or total coliform counts for the evaluation of fresh and brackish microbial water quality. We found significant correlation between total Vibrio counts and TEC for all three water bodies. Prevalence of somatic coliphages and V. cholerae-specific phages as additional water pollution indicator significantly correlated with abundance of the host bacteria. Particular phytoplankton groups in the lakes responded to the changes of fecal indicators; however, no correlation was observed between dominant zooplankton taxonomic groups and microbial parameters.

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