scholarly journals Multiple drug resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella isolated from diarrhoeic children at Kapsabet County referral hospital, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ongwae H. Zachariah ◽  
Mwamburi A. Lizzy ◽  
Kakai Rose ◽  
Mutuku M. Angela
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five years old. In Kenya, it has a 21% case fatality with Enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. accounting for 50–60% of the cases. Sulphonamides, tetracycline, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are typically used in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases but have become ineffective in the face of emerging antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella species in children under five years of age presenting with diarrhoea at Kapsabet County Referral Hospital in Kenya. Methods Faecal samples were collected from 139 children admitted with diarrhoea. Each sample was examined macroscopically for colour, texture, and presence of extraneous material. The samples were then cultured for bacterial growth. Observed bacterial growth was isolated and identified by a series of biochemical tests. Resistance patterns were also evaluated using the Kirby – Bauer Disk diffusion method. The chi – square test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to establish statistical significance. Results Approximately 33.1% of the total faecal samples tested were positive for enteric pathogens. Shigella spp. demonstrated resistance to erythromycin (91.7%), doxycyclin (83.3%), ampicillin (82.1%), cotrimoxazole (73.1%), minocycline (66.7%) and cefuroxime (54.2%). Campylobacter jejuni also exhibited resistance to erythromycin (87.5%), doxycyclin (75%), ampicillin (73.7%), cotrimoxazole (73.3%) and minocycline (68.8%). Conclusions The resistance patterns of Shigella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni reported in this study necessitates the need for a comprehensive multiregional investigation to evaluate the geographical prevalence and antimicrobial resistance distributions of these microorganisms. These findings also support the need for the discovery and development of effective therapeutic alternatives. Trial registration Retrospectively registered. Certificate No. 00762

scholarly journals Characterization of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broiler farms in Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Vinueza-Burgos ◽  
David Ortega-Paredes ◽  
Cristian Narváez ◽  
Lieven De Zutter ◽  
Jeannete Zurita
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AR) is a worldwide concern. Up to a 160% increase in antibiotic usage in food animals is expected in Latin American countries. The poultry industry is an increasingly important segment of food production and contributor to AR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, AR patterns and the characterization of relevant resistance genes in Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC E. coli from large poultry farms in Ecuador. Sampling was performed from June 2013 to July 2014 in 6 slaughterhouses that slaughter broilers from 115 farms totaling 384 flocks. Each sample of collected caeca was streaked onto TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (3 mg/l). In total, 176 isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance patterns by the disk diffusion method and for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV, blaKPC, and mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. ESBL and AmpC E. coli were found in 362 flocks (94.3%) from 112 farms (97.4%). We found that 98.3% of the isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics. Low resistance was observed for ertapenem and nitrofurantoin. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the blaCTX-M (90.9%) blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-3 alleles. Most of the AmpC strains presented the blaCMY-2 gene. Three isolates showed the mcr-1 gene. Poultry production systems represent a hotspot for antimicrobial resistance in Ecuador, possibly mediated by the extensive use of antibiotics. Monitoring this sector in national and regional plans of antimicrobial resistance surveillance should therefore be considered.

scholarly journals Comorbidities and Factors Associated with Mortality among Children under Five Years Admitted with Severe Acute Malnutrition in the Nutritional Unit of Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Desire Banga ◽  
Melvis Baren ◽  
Namale Vivian Ssonko ◽  
Franck Katembo Sikakulya ◽  
Yves Tibamwenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Eastern Uganda ◽  
Children Under 5

Background. Mortality among children with severe acute malnutrition remains an immense health concern in the hospitals in developing countries, but its attributes are not completely assessed in various hospital settings. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of mortality, the comorbidities, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality among children under five years of age admitted with severe acute malnutrition at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda. Methods. This was a hospital-based analytical and descriptive prospective cohort study conducted in the nutritional unit of Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. A total of 338 children and their caretakers who met the criteria were consecutively enrolled into the study. Descriptive statistics were used to each of the independent factors, and comorbidities were subjected to chi-squared test followed by logistic regression analysis to assess its association incidence of mortality among children. All independent variables with p values ≤ 0.05 were entered into a multivariate model for factors and comorbidities independently. Factors and comorbidities with p values ≤ 0.05 were considered as associates of mortality among children. Results. Of the 338 children under 5 years of age enrolled, 49 (14.5%) died, although the majority of children were diagnosed with dehydration, 128 (37.9%); pneumonia, 127(37.6%); and malaria, 87(25.7%). Anemia ( aRR = 2.9 , 95% CI: 1.23-6.62, p = 0.01 ), bacteremia ( aRR = 10.0 , 95% CI: 3.62-29.01, p = 0.01 ), HIV ( aRR = 4.8 , 95% CI: 1.42-16.30, p < 0.01 ), TB ( aRR = 4.3 , 95% CI: 1.28-14.49, p < 0.02 ), and shock ( aRR = 60.9 , 95% CI: 9.05-410.28, p < 0.01 ) were the comorbidities significantly associated with a likelihood of mortality. Conclusions. The mortality among children under 5 years of age admitted with severe acute malnutrition is still high (14.5% versus 5%). The comorbidities are significantly associated with mortality. The clinicians are recommended to follow-up closely patients with severe acute malnutrition and to focus on the critical comorbidities identified.

scholarly journals Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ofHaemophilus influenzaefrom Nasopharynx of Children under Five Years Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Daniel Omoding ◽  
Joel Bazira
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
And Child Health

Background. H. influenzaeremains an organism of a major public health challenge worldwide despite the availability of the Hib vaccine, particularly among children under 5 years. Information on the current carriage status and antibiotic susceptibility is key on proper health-care provision. Therefore, we conducted a study to determineH. influenzaecarriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates among the children.Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2018, among clinically healthy children under five years attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). We carried out standard microbiology methods to culture, isolate, and identifyH. influenzae, and then, we tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics following the CLSI standards.Results. Of the 248 participants included in the study, 116 (46.77%) were females and 132 (53.23%) males and 78 (31.45%) were below the age of 3 months. Fifty one of the study participants hadH. influenzaein their nasopharynx, which represents 20.56% carriage (95% CI 15.49 to 25.63). There was a general high susceptibility of the isolates to the antimicrobial agents commonly used. There was 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and imipenem antibiotic agents, though 6 (11.76%) and 4 (7.84%) of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, respectively.Conclusion. The high burden presented byH. influenzaeand the resultant impact on child health require much attention to prevention of infections associated with the organism. A well-funded molecular study focusing on typing the isolates would determine the impact of the vaccine, given the carriage rates are still high.

scholarly journals PFGE, Lior serotype, and antimicrobial resistance patterns among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from travelers and US military personnel with acute diarrhea in Thailand, 1998-2003

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oralak Serichantalergs ◽  
Piyarat Pootong ◽  
Anders Dalsgaard ◽  
Ladaporn Bodhidatta ◽  
Patricia Guerry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Resistance Patterns

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Ohmani ◽  
Khadija Khedid ◽  
Saad Britel ◽  
Aicha Qasmaoui ◽  
Reda Charof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of blaOXA-type Carbapenemase Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns among Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maghsoud Kafshnouchi ◽  
Marzieh Safari ◽  
Amir Khodavirdipour ◽  
Abbas Bahador ◽  
Seyed Hamid Hashemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Class D ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
New Treatment

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium found in most places, especially in clinics and hospitals, and an important agent of nosocomial infections. The presence of class D enzymes such as OXA-type carbapenemases in A. baumannii is proven to have a key function in resistance to carbapenem. The aim of the current study is to determine the blaOXA-type carbapenemase genes and antimicrobial resistance among clinically isolated samples of A. baumannii. We assessed 100 clinically isolated specimens of A. baumannii from patients in intensive care units of educational hospitals of Hamadan, West of Iran. The A. baumannii isolates' susceptibility to antibiotics was performed employing disk diffusion method. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the blaOXA-24-like , blaOXA-23-like , blaOXA-58-like , and blaOXA-51-like genes. The blaOXA-23-like , blaOXA-24-like , and blaOXA-58-like genes' prevalence were found to be 84, 58, and 3%, respectively. The highest coexistence of the genes was for blaOXA-51/23 (84%) followed by blaOXA-51/24-like (58%). The blaOXA-51/23- like pattern of genes is a sort of dominant gene in resistance in A. baumannii from Hamadan hospitals. The highest resistance to piperacillin (83%) and ciprofloxacin (81%) has been observed in positive isolates of blaOXA-23-like . The A. baumannii isolates with blaOXA-58-like genes did not show much resistance to antibiotics. Based on the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis, all isolates have shown a high degree of similarity. This study showed the high frequency of OXA-type carbapenemase genes among A. baumannii isolates from Hamadan hospitals, Iran. Thus, applying an appropriate strategy to limit the spreading of these strains and also performing new treatment regimens are necessary.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of non-clinical Escherichia coli strains from chicken in Nsukka, South-east Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
K. F. Chah ◽  
S. C. Okafor ◽  
S. I. Oboegbulem
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study was carried out to determine resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinically healthy chickens in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. A total of 324 E. coli strains isolated from cloaca swabs from 390 chickens were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotics used in the study were: ampicillin (25µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), Streptomycin (30µg). cefuroxime (20µg), cephalexin (10µg), nalidixic acid (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), norfloxacin (10µg), ofloxacin (5µg), pefloxacin (5µg), tetracycline (30µg), chloramphenicol (10µg), cotrimoxazole (50µg), colistin (25µg) and nitrofurantoin (100µg).The strains demonstrated high rates of resistance (34.6%  66.1%) to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. For each antimicrobial agent (except cephalexin), strains from the intensively reared chickens (layers and broilers) displayed higher resistance frequencies than those from the local birds. A total of 49 resistant patterns were recorded for the 228 strains resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, with AmTeCoS and AmTeCfN being the predominant patterns. Because of the great variation in the drug resistance patterns of the Escherichia coli strains, use of antimicrobial agents in the management of E. coli infections in the study area should be based on results of sensitivity tests.

scholarly journals Diverse non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars with multi-drug resistance potentials isolated from chicken faeces in Ogun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
M. Agbaje ◽  
B. Awosile ◽  
O.O. Kehinde ◽  
E.O. Omoshaba ◽  
M.A. Dipeolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

This study was carried out in selected poultry farms to determine the prevalence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella serovars in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria. A total of 200 faecal samples were aseptically collected from the four geographical zones of Ogun State, Nigeria. Seventy-eight Salmonella isolates spread across 39 serovars and representing a prevalence of 39% was recovered. Salmonella Urbana (n=7), Salmonella Kingston (n=6) and Salmonella Agama (n=5) serovars were more commonly isolated. Resistance was most common to ciprofloxacin (29.5%; n=23/78). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 15.4% (n=12/78) of the isolates spread across 7 serovars: S. Kentucky, S. Telelkebir, S. Virchow, S. Blockley, S. Chomedey, S. Haifa, and S. Isangi. The study showed the diversity of Salmonella serovars and the increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farms in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria.

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