scholarly journals OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM in Italy: it is time for change

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Auriti ◽  
Vito Mondì ◽  
Salvatore Aversa ◽  
Daniele Merazzi ◽  
Simona Lozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Benito Mussolini ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Italian History ◽  
Ophthalmia Neonatorum ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

AbstractOphthalmia neonatorum (ON) refers to any conjunctivitis occurring in the first 28 days of life. In the past Neisseria gonorrhoeae was the most common cause of ON. It decreased with the introduction of prophylaxis at birth with the instillation of silver nitrate 2% (the Credè’s method of prophylaxis). Today, the term ON is used to define any other bacterial infection, in particular due to Chlamydia Trachomatis. Currently, the WHO reccomends topical ocular prophylaxis for prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial conjunctivitis for all neonates. On the contrary, several European countries no longer require universal prophylaxis, opting for screening and treatment of pregnant women at high risk of infection. And what about Italy? Have a look on Italian history of prophylaxis, starting by the first decree issued in 1940, signed by Benito Mussolini. In the following decades the law has undergone many changes. At the moment, legislation is unclear, therefore careful consideration is required in order to draft the correct appoach.

A short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Drożdż
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Short History ◽  
Control Subsystem ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important People ◽  
The Moment

This paper presents a short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state, starting from the moment Poland regained independence at the end of the twentieth century. The considerations are presented against the rules and principles of the functioning of the state security system, with particular emphasis on the control subsystem. This paper demonstrates the need to research attitudes to safety in the past, in order to develop and apply effective contemporary solutions. The considerations contained in it also concern the existing threats to the management of state organs. They may contribute to further discussions on the purpose and rules of operation of the formation which is supposed to protect the most important people in the state.

scholarly journals From Sketches to Publication: The Genesis of the Essai D'une Carte Géologique by Omalius D'halloy and Coquebert de Montbret (1810-1823)

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53
Author(s):  
Isabelle Laboulais
Keyword(s):  
History Of Cartography ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
The Past ◽  
Map Construction ◽  
Geological Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
The Moment

While the Essai d'une carte géologique published in 1822 did not achieve the fame that its authors had hoped for, its history nevertheless deserves a closer look. Although its scale (about 1:3,700,000), and the technique used for making it (the map was coloured by hand at a time when the first geological maps printed in colour were appearing) make it a map of the past, it nevertheless testifies to the experiments and even cartographic tinkerings that were conceived in the 1810s by conciliating the expectations of the administration and those of science. Moreover, it offers a good example of the conditions of map production at that time. Without suggesting that the appearance of that Essai constituted a critical step in the history of cartography, this article examines the different steps that led to its publication, by considering first the investigative methods, then the different stages of map construction, and finally the uncertainties surrounding its publication, in order to grasp the stakes of such an enterprise, at the moment when reflections on the making of a geological map of France were developing, in particular at the École des mines.

scholarly journals High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals in Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan ◽  
Alaleh Bahramian ◽  
Mojgan Taban ◽  
Mojgan Taban ◽  
Kaveh Alavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Male To Female

Global evidence indicates that transgender people are disproportionately at risk for HIV infection. However, limited data are available characterizing sexual behaviors and HIV infection among transgender people in Iran. This study aims to determine the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV infection among transgender people in Iran. In 2009, we assessed data of 58 transgender individuals (41 female-to-male (FTM) and 17 male-to-female (MTF)). Their demographic characteristics and risky sexual behaviors, and other risky behaviors such as substance use were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Rapid tests were used to confirm HIV seropositivity. Fifty-four participants who provided blood samples, none were positive (exact 95% confidence intervals: 0.0, 0.07). 75.6% of FTM and 64.7% of MTF reported having sex in the past six months, respectively. Of the sample who reported having sex in the past six months (n=42), only 19% reported using condoms. No participants reported a history of injection. In this study of HIV infection among a small sample of transgender people in Iran, no one was HIV positive. Some reasons for these findings can be outlined as a lack of history of intravenous drug use and related behaviors, limited high-risk relationships and behaviors, and the limited number of males among the samples.

The British Committee and International Society: History and Theory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brunello Vigezzi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
International Society ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
English School ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
British Committee ◽  
Point Of Departure

The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics is generally considered the original core of the “English School.” Equally often, scholars have identified as one of its characteristic elements the importance it attributed to “international society” as a force aimed at enlivening and regulating, as far as possible, power relations between states. The attention it paid to international society is also seen as consistent with the importance the authors of the British Committee attributed to “history” and in particular to the “history of international society” as a means to understand and reconstruct international life in the past and the present. However, the internal history of the British Committee is all too often neglected. Studies concerned with the orientations of the English School have mainly sought to analyze the thinking of this or that author without considering the work of the British Committee as a whole. In other words, scholars have tended to pay little attention to the moment when the British Committee began to examine “international society” and the manner in which it did so. In particular, the achievement of the British Committee discussions during 1961–1962 was important, and it was the beginning of a development of great interest. The various texts, the debates, do not limit themselves to a sort of rich and varied list of the component parts of an “international society.” Instead, they paint an overall picture, and they guarantee an interconnection between the reflections of the individuals and the overall orientation of the Committee. Moreover, they are the critical point of departure for the future development of theory.

A Prospective and Retrospective View of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Momcilo Jankovic ◽  
Giuseppe Masera
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Pediatric Hematology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Retrospective View ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Working Together ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

How does one help a family whose child has been diagnosed with a life-threatening illness? It is a deceptively simple question with complicated answers. This brief chapter is not meant to be a history of biopsychosocial pediatric oncology, and it does not cover every theme. The explosion of studies on children with cancer over these past decades (Pizzo & Poplack, 2001) renders a retrospective look formidable and subjective. The sole purpose of this retrospective examination into the earliest beginnings is to place into context some of the main themes that have appeared over the past years, so that they can serve as a foundation for our recommendations for future intervention and research in the field. That is our assigned task. Much of the review reflects personal respective experiences beginning in the late 1960s. The chapters that form this volume, written by many of the most experienced psychosocial researchers who have brought the field so far forward over these many years, are the state of the art, tell us where we have been most recently, and tell us in greater detail where we are at the moment. Where does our psychosocial history begin? What have we done these past many years to help the children and their families cope with the illness and its treatment? With due awareness of the subjectivity and inevitable unfairness of our venture, we undertake the task with due apologies for any omissions that may occur in this retrospective review. As we begin to look in some detail at the main themes formed over the past four decades, we place our review into the context of four preambles: a multidisciplinary and international effort; an alliance between physicians and parents; research and service; and a sharing of the research wealth with economically struggling countries. From the earliest years, the effort to care for the child with cancer has been multidisciplinary, multi-institutional, and international, involving a highly cooperative and collaborative effort of physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and allied health care professionals working together across national borders.

scholarly journals Philosophy of History of N.A. Berdyaev: The Existential End of History or an Apocalipsis Interiorized

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Artem Khamidulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Philosophy Of Time ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

The article analyzes the philosophy of history of N. A. Berdyaev. The starting point of the article is the thesis about the relationship between the problematics of time and historical science. It is noted that for Berdyaev, the philosophy of time is one of the main themes of his philosophy of history. Attention is drawn to the feeling of dissatisfaction experienced by Berdyaev with the fluidity and mobility of time. The perception of the philosopher of time as solicitude and, to a large extent, as an evil or a disease that must be overcome is explicated. The reality of the past and future times equal to the present is revealed. The author demonstrates the bliss inspired by actual experience and philosophy of time. Concept of psychological time of Augustine, which justifies the reality of the past, present and future. Teaching about the instantaneity of the present as a point of interaction between time (historical and cosmic) and eternity (celestial time) of Berdyaev is considered. The possibility of experiencing this kind of moment is considered by Berdyaev on the basis of the existential dimension of time that flows in the depths of the human spirit. The author notes the influence of the teaching about the moment by Danish philosopher Sшren Kierkegaard on Berdyaev. A parallel is drawn between teaching on the meaning of the moment by Berdyaev and the concept of "kairos" of German theologian Paul Tillich. The article analyzes eschatology of Berdyaev, which determines his belonging to the traditions of the Russian religious philosophy of history. Two possible ways to overcome time are revealed: in an instant, i.e. repeatedly during human life, and as a result of the total end of history, which, according to Berdyaev, is also to a large extent a phenomenon of the existential sphere of being. According to Berdyaev, this kind of exit from time gives the opportunity to learn the meaning of history, on the one hand, and to free oneself from the enslaving power of time, on the other. It is concluded that Berdyaev understood the end of history existentially as a special spiritual experience that allows us to overcome time and look at history in terms of eternity.

Manuscripts Concerning Mexico and Central America in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

1962 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicenta Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Past History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
To Receive

There is no doubt that manuscripts proceeding from or referring to Ibero-America which are preserved in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress constitute an interesting collection for the historian of the Hispanic world. This collection was begun in the second half of the nineteenth century when the library started to receive writings, documents, correspondence, and diverse papers relating to the past history of these northern regions and of other countries south of the frontiers of the United States. It was the moment when the North American collectors and antiquarians began to frequent the auctions of papers and books, when individuals and universities began to make their collections of material from which historians could procure documentation for their writings. The Library of Congress did not stay on the fringe of this movement, and some outstanding examples of documentation began to arrive in this depository, so much so that in 1900 the head of the Manuscript Division sent to the Congress of Americanists meeting in Paris a catalogue of the fifteen items relating to Mexico to be found under his care.

III. Livy

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 51-81
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Working Life ◽  
History Writing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Achievement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
The City ◽  
Detailed Record

Memoria rerum gestorum(literally, ‘memory of deeds’) is yet another way of saying ‘history’, in the sense both of ‘collective memory, tradition’ and of ‘history-writing.’ Memory and time are important concepts in all three of the major historians whom we are treating, but perhaps most for Livy, whose history must have consumed all of his working life and, when intact, spanned the period from the sack of Troy through to the writer’s own day. He signals the importance of time from the start of his preface, which was published together with the first unit of his history:Facturusne operae pretium sim si a primordio urbis res populi Romani perscripserim nec satis scio nec, si sciam, dicere ausim . . . utcumque erit, iuuabit tamen rerum gestarum memoriae principis terrarum populi pro uirili parte et ipsum consuluisse(Praef.1, 3, ‘Whether I will do something worthwhile if I write a detailed record of the deeds of the Roman people from the origin of the city I do not really know nor, if I knew, would I dare to say so . . . However that may be, it will nevertheless please me to have taken thought, to the best of my ability, for the history of the greatest nation in the world’). The tenses of the sentences quoted (facturus. . .sim, erit, iuuabit) put Livy’s own potential literary achievement and resulting profit firmly in the future: this preface looks ahead, towards the moment of publication and beyond, to the reaction readers will have to his book. Yet the force of the past is felt here, as well: it is memory (memoria rerum gestarum) with which Livy concerns himself, and that concern is imagined as having already happened (the perfect infinitiveconsuluisse): the preface is written as if from the simultaneous vantage points of one looking ahead and of one looking back on a task already completed.

scholarly journals Proteomics of Gnathostomiasis: A Way Forward for Diagnosis and Treatment Development

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tipparat Thiangtrongjit ◽  
Kathyleen Nogrado ◽  
Thawatchai Ketboonlue ◽  
Preeyarat Malaitong ◽  
Poom Adisakwattana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Treatment Development ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Past

Gnathostoma spinigerum is the most common cause of gnathostomiasis in humans. It has a complex life cycle, which requires two intermediate hosts and a definitive host, and poses a high risk for zoonosis. Definitive prognosis of gnathostomiasis relies mainly on the isolation of advanced-stage larvae (aL3), which is very challenging especially if the aL3 is sequestered in difficult-to-reach organs. There is also a lack of a confirmatory diagnostic test for gnathostomiasis. With the ongoing advancement of proteomics, a potential diagnostic approach is underway using immunoproteomics and immunodiagnostics. In addition to this, the employment of mass spectrometry could further elucidate not only understanding the biology of the parasite but also determining potential targets of prospective drugs and vaccines. This article reports the past, present, and future application of proteomics in the study of gnathostomiasis.

Reconstructing the Origin, Evolution, and History of Leprosy

Leprosy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 281-302
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Transitions ◽  
The Moment

This chapter synthesizes the skeletal evidence for leprosy documented in the previous chapter to explore the origin, evolution, and spread of leprosy. The relevance of the three epidemiological transitions to the frequency of leprosy since the transition to agriculture is also discussed. This is in tandem with extant modern and ancient leprosy genomic data. Ancient DNA evidence for the strains of the bacterium that affected people in the past is also furthering knowledge of the spread of leprosy. More work in this area is recommended, in concert with stable isotope analysis, providing information on the mobility and dietary histories of people in the past, and mitochondrial DNA to document ancestry. The historical evidence suggests that leprosy declined in the fourteenth century, but at the moment archaeological evidence is lacking to support such a hypothesis. Many reasons for this have been suggested (for example the plague, and improved diet and living conditions), but cross-immunity created by exposure to tuberculosis remains the strongest possibility. The two diseases have many characteristics in common, and tuberculosis and leprosy have been found together in skeletons in a number of instances. Co-infection with tuberculosis may be another hypothesis to consider as an explanation for leprosy’s decline.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document