The Multiple Chemicals and Actions Model of carcinogenesis. A possible new approach to developing prevention strategies for environmental carcinogenesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M Battershill
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Environmental Carcinogens ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Suggested Strategy ◽  
Carcinogenic Process

The number of definite and probable human chemical carcinogens identified by IARC approaches between 1987 and June 2004 is reported to be 50 agents. However, overall, given the rapid expansion in the number of chemicals in use, the throughput of the current approach to identifying potential environmental carcinogens is low. The long-term rodent bioassay, a key part of the current approach, identifies many chemicals which eventually turn out to be irrelevant for human health with regard to cancer. A new approach is suggested which focuses on identifying the potency of environmental mixtures for induction of toxicological changes relevant to carcinogenesis (e.g., cell proliferation, chronic inflammation, inhibition of apoptosis, mutagenicity). Details regarding a suggested strategy for prioritization of mixtures are provided with more detailed information regarding mutagenicity as an end point. The long-term rodent bioassay is not included in the proposal (although it is acknowledged that it will continue to be important in premarketing regulatory schemes) for hazard identification. The Multiple Chemicals and Actions Model (MCAM) is developed. In this model the chemical mixtures in the environment act via a number of mechanisms as ‘effectors’ or ‘inhibitors’ of a multistage carcinogenic process. Identifying effectors and inhibitors of the rate-limiting step would be important for preventive strategies. Genetic polymorphisms act as modulators of effector and inhibitor mixtures. It is suggested that the MCAM model could be used in public education programmes to help inform on public health issues regarding cancer and to help avoid future scares which tend to focus on single chemicals. It is acknowledged that there would need to be basic research undertaken to generate appropriate data to support the application of the proposal before it could be used in cancer prevention strategies.

scholarly journals “These Were Not Boring Meetings”: Miguel García-Sancho Talks with Karin Knorr Cetina

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Garcia-Sancho ◽  
Karin Knorr Cetina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Social Studies Of Science

In this interview, Karin Knorr Cetina evokes the first Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science at Cornell University in 1976 as a foundational moment for science and technology studies (STS). This conference consolidated a new approach to the study of science based on the anthropological observation of scientists at work in the laboratory. Knorr Cetina argues that, despite geographically cementing in the United States, this approach originated mainly through the work of European scholars. The years that followed the Cornell meeting were marked by intense debates between the defenders of this anthropological approach and other scholars more focused on ideas than on scientific practice. Knorr Cetina describes these debates as “bloodbaths” and recalls having first coined the term “constructivist” as applied to science studies in 1977. For Knorr Cetina, STS is now shifting its attention from the production to the consumption of technoscientific knowledge. Her current interest in the financial markets and other forms of screen technologies is an example of this transition. She argues that STS needs to overcome its current fragmentation and emphasis in isolated case studies. The establishment of basic research centers with the financial resources to develop collective and long-term programs would help scholars to expand their horizons. In his following reflection, Miguel García-Sancho explores the connections between STS and travel in both a sense of intellectual shift and a more mundane meaning of physical movement.

Reduction of major amputations in the diabetic ischaemic foot: A strategy to "take control" with conservative care as well as revascularisation

VASA ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement 58) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmonds ◽  
Foster
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Vascular Control ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Conservative Care ◽  
Arterial Bypass ◽  
Therapeutic Footwear ◽  
Frequent Problem

The diabetic ischaemic foot has become an increasingly frequent problem over the last decade. However, we report a new approach consisting of a basic classification, a simple staging system of the natural history and a treatment plan for each stage, within a multi-disciplinary framework. This approach of "taking control" consists of two parts: 1. long-term conservative care including debridement of ulcers (to obtain wound control), eradication of sepsis (micribiological control), and provision of therapeutic footwear (mechanical control), and 2. revascularisation by angioplasty and arterial bypass (vascular control). This approach has led to a 50% reduction in the rate of major amputations in patients attending with ischaemic ulceration and absent foot pulses from 1989 to 1999 (from 4.6% to 2.3% per year). Patients who underwent angioplasty increased from 6% to 13%. Arterial bypass similarly increased from 3% to 7% of cases. However, even with an increased rate of revascularisation, 80% of patients responded to conservative care alone. This,we conclude, is an essential part of the management of all patients with ischaemic feet.

Attention To Music In The Years Of Independence: A New Approach To Scientific Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
Sultanov A. ◽  
Tajiboev E.
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Technologies ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Modern Methods

This article reveals the attention paid to music education in Uzbekistan, the new approach implemented in the education system, the development of pedagogical educational technologies and modern methods based on long-term independence.

CHANGES IN BLOOD PROTEOME OF COSMONAUTS WITH MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR INJURIES DUE TO G-LOADS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
L.Kh. Pastushkova ◽  
◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Integrated Response

The integrated response of the human proteome to re-entry g-loads following long-term space missions was studied in 13 male cosmonauts at the age of 44 ± 6 years. Examination at the landing site discovered local petechial hemorrhages into soft tissues of the back and lower legs. The paper presents a new approach to evaluation of petechia and soft tissue hemorrhages in cosmonauts on return to Earth. Proteomic analysis was performed with the use of LC-MS. Bioinformation analysis was made using Perseus, PubMed, Uniprot and ANDSystem software. Nine out of 19 significantly different (p < 0.05) proteins were related to vascular injuries directly. We described proteins with a primarily protecting effect against endothelial cells apoptosis and augmentation of vascular permeability, proteins that are responsible for blood rheology and proteins antagonistic to the main triggers of ischeamia-reperfusion injuries of the lungs, liver and other parenchymal organs.

scholarly journals Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: From Bench to Bed

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Nina Tyutyusheva ◽  
Ilaria Mancini ◽  
Giampiero Igli Baroncelli ◽  
Sofia D’Elios ◽  
Diego Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Androgen Receptor Gene ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is due to complete resistance to the action of androgens, determining a female phenotype in persons with a 46,XY karyotype and functioning testes. CAIS is caused by inactivating mutations in the androgen receptor gene (AR). It is organized in eight exons located on the X chromosome. Hundreds of genetic variants in the AR gene have been reported in CAIS. They are distributed throughout the gene with a preponderance located in the ligand-binding domain. CAIS mainly presents as primary amenorrhea in an adolescent female or as a bilateral inguinal/labial hernia containing testes in prepubertal children. Some issues regarding the management of females with CAIS remain poorly standardized (such as the follow-up of intact testes, the timing of gonadal removal and optimal hormone replacement therapy). Basic research will lead to the consideration of new issues to improve long-term well-being (such as bone health, immune and metabolic aspects and cardiovascular risk). An expert multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to increase the long-term quality of life of women with CAIS.

Guideline for the management of long tunnelled external ventricular drains in chronic hydrocephalus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 416-421
Author(s):  
Phillip Correia Copley ◽  
John Emelifeonwu ◽  
Pasquale Gallo ◽  
Drahoslav Sokol ◽  
Jothy Kandasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Pilocytic Astrocytoma ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Chronic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Viable Treatment

This article reports on the journey of a child with an inoperable hypothalamic-origin pilocytic astrocytoma causing hydrocephalus, which was refractory to treatment with shunts, and required a new approach. With multidisciplinary support, excellent nursing care and parental education, the child's hydrocephalus was managed long term in the community with bilateral long-tunnelled external ventricular drains (LTEVDs). This article describes the patient's journey and highlights the treatment protocols that were created to achieve this feat. Despite the difficulties in initially setting up these protocols, they proved successful and thus the team managing the patient proposed that LTEVDs are a viable treatment option for children with hydrocephalus in the context of inoperable tumours to help maximise quality of life.

Brains that Fire Together Wire Together: Interbrain Plasticity Underlies Learning in Social Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199668
Author(s):  
Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Experience

Social interactions are powerful determinants of learning. Yet the field of neuroplasticity is deeply rooted in probing changes occurring in synapses, brain structures, and networks within an individual brain. Here I synthesize disparate findings on network neuroplasticity and mechanisms of social interactions to propose a new approach for understanding interaction-based learning that focuses on the dynamics of interbrain coupling. I argue that the facilitation effect of social interactions on learning may be explained by interbrain plasticity, defined here as the short- and long-term experience-dependent changes in interbrain coupling. The interbrain plasticity approach may radically change our understanding of how we learn in social interactions.

scholarly journals Long-Term Follow-Up of Giant Symptomatic Hepatic Hemangiomas Treated with Direct Sclerotherapy: Introducing a New Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Rokni Yazdi ◽  
Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Mehrabinejad ◽  
Habibollah Dashti ◽  
Morteza Ghassed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Hepatic Hemangiomas

scholarly journals 107 Traceability

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
John Butler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Final Rule

Abstract Animal disease traceability—or knowing where diseased and at-risk animals are, where they’ve been, and when—is important to ensuring a rapid response when animal disease events take place. Although animal disease traceability does not prevent disease, an efficient and accurate traceability system reduces the number of animals and response time involved in a disease investigation; which, in turn, reduces the economic impact on owners and affected communities. The current approach to traceability in the United States is the result of significant discussion and compromise. Federal policy regarding traceability has been amended several times over the past decade based on stakeholder feedback, particularly from the cattle industry. In early 2010, USDA announced a new approach for responding to and controlling animal diseases, referred to as the ADT framework. USDA published a proposed rule, “Traceability for Livestock Moving Interstate,” on August 11, 2011, and the final rule on January 9, 2013. Under the final rule, unless specifically exempted, livestock moved interstate must be officially identified and accompanied by an interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI) or other documentation. However, these requirements do not apply to all cattle. Beef cattle under 18 months of age, unless they are moved interstate for shows, exhibitions, rodeos, or recreational events, are exempt from the official identification requirement in this rule. We can do better. Our industry must recognize how vulnerable we really are, should we be subject to a disease such as foot and mouth. We must also understand what a competitive disadvantage the United States faces in the global marketplace without a recognized, industry-wide traceability system.

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