CSF Monoamines in Autistic Syndromes and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders of Early Childhood

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gillberg ◽  
L Svennerholm
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Monoamine Metabolites ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Childhood Psychoses

Spinal fluid concentrations of the three major monoamine metabolites were examined in 25 infantile autistic children and 12 children with other childhood psychoses, and were contrasted with results obtained in normal children and in groups of children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Autistic children showed absolute and relative increases of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid. The group with other childhood psychoses also showed an increase in HVA level; in this group there were also indications of high levels of serotonin and norepinephrine metabolites. The results are discussed in the context of a pathogenetic model for autism involving hyperfunction of dopaminergic nerve fibres in the brain stem-mesolimbic system.

Difficulties in the Understanding of False Belief: Specific to Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders?

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Peter Muris ◽  
Pim Steerneman ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Not Otherwise Specified ◽  
Atypical Autism ◽  
Better Than

The present study examined the performance on a false belief task of atypical autistic children, i.e., children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( n = 50), socially immature children (n = 50), and normal children ( n = 50). Children were shown a chocolate box and its unexpected content, i.e., a pencil, and then required to indicate what a friend would say about the content of the box. Results can be summarized: (1) over-all, 3-year-old children performed less well than children of 6 years. (2) Responses of 3-year-old atypical autistic and socially immature children did not differ significantly from those of normal children of the same age. (3) At age 6, normal children performed better than atypical autistic and socially immature children. (4) In general, no differences in performance between atypical autistic and socially immature children were found, and (5) their performance was linked to intelligence. The results support prior findings that atypical autistic children find it difficult to understand false beliefs; however, this difficulty does not seem to be specific for (atypical) autism, but might be a common feature of social immaturity in general.

MEDIUS: A Serious Game for Autistic Children Based on Decision System

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinane Daouadji Amina ◽  
Bendella Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Applied Behavior Analysis ◽  
Autistic Child ◽  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Serious Game ◽  
Picture Exchange Communication System ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

Background and Aim. This work aims to realize a serious game called “Medius” based on criteria of decision support to present a new mean of communication between the tutor and the autistic child in the form of a playful serious game, and in a purely educational frame. Two methods of communication and learning are involved in Medius: Picture Exchange Communication System “PECS” and Applied Behavior Analysis “ABA” to guarantee an effective apprenticeship for autistic children without taking into account their types of autism. This game is retroactive and will be adapted according to the individual levels of each player. Result. Thanks to the obtained information we were able to know the preferences, the habits and the characters of the autistic children involved in the experiment. Conclusion. This work is very useful for a targeted apprenticeship and personalized to each player ( autistic child) and also represents a mean of communication between the tutor and the autistic child seen the difficulty of the exchanges of the information and the communication which reign in the world of the children affected by the pervasive developmental disorders “PDD”.

scholarly journals Neurocranium thickness mapping in early childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niharika Gajawelli ◽  
Sean Deoni ◽  
Jie Shi ◽  
Marius George Linguraru ◽  
Antonio R. Porras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Conformal Geometry ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Analysis Pipeline ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The neurocranium changes rapidly in early childhood to accommodate the growing brain. Developmental disorders and environmental factors such as sleep position may lead to abnormal neurocranial maturation. Therefore, it is important to understand how this structure develops, in order to provide a baseline for early detection of anomalies. However, its anatomy has not yet been well studied in early childhood due to the lack of available imaging databases. In hospitals, CT is typically used to image the neurocranium when a pathology is suspected, but the presence of ionizing radiation makes it harder to construct databases of healthy subjects. In this study, instead, we use a dataset of MRI data from healthy normal children in the age range of 6 months to 36 months to study the development of the neurocranium. After extracting its outline from the MRI data, we used a conformal geometry-based analysis pipeline to detect local thickness growth throughout this age span. These changes will help us understand cranial bone development with respect to the brain, as well as detect abnormal variations, which will in turn inform better treatment strategies for implicated disorders.

Cerebrospinal Fluid pH and Monoamine and Glucolytic Metabolites in Alzheimer's Disease

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (580) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Gottfries ◽  
Åke Kjällquist ◽  
Urban Pontén ◽  
B. E. Roos ◽  
G. Sundbärg
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Monoamine Metabolites ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Valid Information

Determinations of acid monoamine metabolites, such as homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) give valid information on the metabolism of the corresponding amines in the brain tissue (Moir et al., 1970; Roos, 1970). The monoamine metabolites in the CSF are related to age. The concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA increase with age (Gottfries et al., 1971). Probenecid blocks the elimination of HVA and 5-HIAA from brain tissue to blood (Neff et al., 1964, 1967; Werdinius, 1966) and from CSF to blood (Guldberg et al., 1966; Olsson and Roos, 1968). Probenecid thus normally induces an increase in the concentrations of the acid monoamine metabolites in the CSF, which is related to the turnover of monoamines in the brain tissue.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental disorders: Cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2013-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andrews ◽  
D. S. Pine ◽  
M. J. Hobbs ◽  
T. M. Anderson ◽  
M. Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Childhood Disorders ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundDSM-IV and ICD-10 are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of diagnoses can be increased by an understanding of risk factors and other clinical features. In an effort to group mental disorders on this basis, five clusters have been proposed. We now consider the second cluster, namely neurodevelopmental disorders.MethodWe reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a DSM-V Task Force Study Group.ResultsThis cluster reflects disorders of neurodevelopment rather than a ‘childhood’ disorders cluster. It comprises disorders subcategorized in DSM-IV and ICD-10 as Mental Retardation; Learning, Motor, and Communication Disorders; and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Although these disorders seem to be heterogeneous, they share similarities on some risk and clinical factors. There is evidence of a neurodevelopmental genetic phenotype, the disorders have an early emerging and continuing course, and all have salient cognitive symptoms. Within-cluster co-morbidity also supports grouping these disorders together. Other childhood disorders currently listed in DSM-IV share similarities with the Externalizing and Emotional clusters. These include Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Separation Anxiety Disorder. The Tic, Eating/Feeding and Elimination disorders, and Selective Mutisms were allocated to the ‘Not Yet Assigned’ group.ConclusionNeurodevelopmental disorders meet some of the salient criteria proposed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to suggest a classification cluster.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Eyre
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
The Brain

Remarkable advances in the neurosciences, particularly in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, metabolism, and nutrition, have greatly advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and responds to environmental influences. Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from perturbation of these normal developmental processes, by insults from heterogeneous aetiological factors. These factors trigger a sequence of molecular, biochemical, and morphological alterations of the brain, resulting in a morphologically and/ or functionally abnormal brain. Rapidly advancing understanding of basic neurodevelopmental processes has direct relevance to understanding human neurodevelopmental disorders, providing insights into pathogenic mechanisms and revealing new pathways that can be exploited in diagnosis and treatment. Conversely the identification of the molecular bases of several neurodevelopmental disorders has also provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms of normal brain development. Technical advances have also improved methods for identifying brain regions involved in developmental disorders, for tracing connections between parts of the brain, for visualizing individual neurons in living brain preparations, for recording the activities of neurons, and for studying the activity of single-ion channels and the receptors for various neurotransmitters. During the past 10 years the genetic basis of an ever increasing number of neurodevelopmental disorders has been discovered and has led to better understanding of the neurobiological basis of even common disorders such as global developmental delay, cerebral palsy, and autism. Current research should reveal their underlying molecular biology and eventually the possibility of targeted chemotherapy and the prevention of many neurodevelopmental disorders.

Polychlorinated biphenyl induced hepatocyte alterations

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
D.N. Collins ◽  
J.N. Turner ◽  
K.O. Brosch ◽  
R.F. Seegal
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
The Brain

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a ubiquitous class of environmental pollutants with toxic and hepatocellular effects, including accumulation of fat, proliferated smooth endoplasmic recticulum (SER), and concentric membrane arrays (CMAs) (1-3). The CMAs appear to be a membrane storage and degeneration organelle composed of a large number of concentric membrane layers usually surrounding one or more lipid droplets often with internalized membrane fragments (3). The present study documents liver alteration after a short term single dose exposure to PCBs with high chlorine content, and correlates them with reported animal weights and central nervous system (CNS) measures. In the brain PCB congeners were concentrated in particular regions (4) while catecholamine concentrations were decreased (4-6). Urinary levels of homovanillic acid a dopamine metabolite were evaluated (7).Wistar rats were gavaged with corn oil (6 controls), or with a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 in corn oil at 500 or 1000 mg total PCB/kg (6 at each level).

Trends, perinatal characteristics, and medical conditions in pervasive developmental disorders

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Guillem ◽  
Christine Cans ◽  
Vincent Guinchat ◽  
Marc Ratel ◽  
Pierre-Simon Jouk
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Medical Conditions
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