scholarly journals Stress and the genesis of diabetes mellitus in schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (S47) ◽  
pp. s72-s75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy G. Dinan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes

BackgroundThe incidence of diabetes mellitus is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the general population. Antipsychotic drugs have been implicated in the development of diabetes, but as non-medicated patients with schizophrenia have high rates of diabetes it is likely that factors other than medication are involved.AimTo examine the role of stress in the emergence of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia.MethodSelective literature review.ResultsA model is developed suggesting that patients with schizophrenia show overactivation of both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and sympathoadrenal medullary axes, manifested by increased production of cortisol and adrenaline. Both of these hormones are known to be diabetogenic and are proposed as playing a part in the onset of diabetes mellitus in schizophrenia.ConclusionsStress has an important role in the onset of schizophrenia and may also play a part in relapse. Further research is needed to clarify the extent to which stress accounts for the genesis of diabetes in such patients.

scholarly journals Nociceptin Increases Antioxidant Expression in the Kidney, Liver and Brain of Diabetic Rats

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Ernest Adeghate ◽  
Crystal M. D’Souza ◽  
Zulqarnain Saeed ◽  
Saeeda Al Jaberi ◽  
Saeed Tariq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
The Brain

Nociceptin (NC) consists of 17 amino acids (aa) and takes part in the processing of learning and memory. The role of NC in the induction of endogenous antioxidants in still unclear. We examined the effect of NC on the expression of endogenous antioxidants in kidney, liver, cerebral cortex (CC), and hippocampus after the onset of diabetes mellitus, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Exogenous NC (aa chain 1–17; 10 µg/kg body weight) was given intraperitoneally to normal and diabetic rats for 5 days. Our results showed that catalase (CAT) is present in the proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. The expression of CAT was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the kidney of normal and diabetic rats after treatment with NC. However, NC markedly (p < 0.001) increased the expression CAT in the liver and neurons of CC of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely distributed in the PCT and DCT of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. NC significantly (p < 0.001) increased the expression of SOD in hepatocytes and neurons of CC and the hippocampus but not in the kidney. Glutathione reductase (GRED) was observed in kidney tubules, hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. NC markedly increased (p < 0.001) the expression of GRED in PCT and DCT cells of the kidney and hepatocytes of liver and neurons of CC. In conclusion, NC is a strong inducer of CAT, SOD, and GRED expression in the kidney, liver and brain of diabetic rats.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. The role of inflammatory processes in pathogenesis (literature review)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 486-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.K. Sokolova ◽  
V.M. Pushkarev ◽  
V.V. Pushkarev ◽  
O.I. Kovzun ◽  
M.D. Tronko
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

scholarly journals BDKRB2+9/−9 Polymorphism Is Associated with Higher Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the Brazilian General Population

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael de Oliveira Alvim ◽  
Paulo C. J. L. Santos ◽  
Raimundo M. Nascimento ◽  
George L. L. M. Coelho ◽  
José G. Mill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Deletion Polymorphism ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Risk

Some mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of bradykinin on glucose homeostasis and some studies reported that theBDKRB2+9/−9 polymorphism was associated to the transcriptional activity of the receptor. In this scenario, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the association of theBDKRB2+9/−9 polymorphism with diabetes mellitus risk in the Brazilian general population. This study included 1,032 subjects of the general urban population. Anthropometrical, blood pressure, biochemical, and genotype analyses for theBDKRB2+9/−9 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism were performed. Individuals carrying +9/+9 or +9/−9 genotypes had higher glucose values (84.5 mg/dL versus 80.6 mg/dL, resp.) and higher frequency of diabetes mellitus (7.6% versus 3.6%, resp.) compared to individuals carrying −9/−9, adjusting for age and gender. In addition, higher diabetes mellitus risk was associated to presence of the +9/+9 or +9/−9 genotypes (OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.09–4.19;P=0.03). Our data suggest that theBDKRB2+9/-9 polymorphism may act as a genetic modulator of glucose homeostasis. It was previously associated to insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and insulin secretion, and, in this study, data suggest that the polymorphism may increase susceptibility to chronic metabolic conditions such as diabetes in the Brazilian population.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: role of autonomic imbalance

Metabolism ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iacopo Chiodini ◽  
Sergio Di Lembo ◽  
Valentina Morelli ◽  
Paolo Epaminonda ◽  
Francesca Coletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Autonomic Imbalance

scholarly journals PI3Kinases in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Related Complications

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Maffei ◽  
Giuseppe Lembo ◽  
Daniela Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Glucose Regulation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

Recent studies have shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) have become the target of many pharmacological treatments, both in clinical trials and in clinical practice. PI3Ks play an important role in glucose regulation, and this suggests their possible involvement in the onset of diabetes mellitus. In this review, we gather our knowledge regarding the effects of PI3K isoforms on glucose regulation in several organs and on the most clinically-relevant complications of diabetes mellitus, such as cardiomyopathy, vasculopathy, nephropathy, and neurological disease. For instance, PI3K α has been proven to be protective against diabetes-induced heart failure, while PI3K γ inhibition is protective against the disease onset. In vessels, PI3K γ can generate oxidative stress, while PI3K β inhibition is anti-thrombotic. Finally, we describe the role of PI3Ks in Alzheimer’s disease and ADHD, discussing the relevance for diabetic patients. Given the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, the multiple effects here described should be taken into account for the development and validation of drugs acting on PI3Ks.

scholarly journals The role of a school nurse in the care of a child with diabetes mellitus type 1 - the perspectives of patients and their parents: Literature review

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-174
Author(s):  
Anna Stefanowicz ◽  
Joanna Stefanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
School Nurse ◽  
Parents And Children

Abstract Introduction The aim of this literature review was to explore the views of parents and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus regarding having a school nurse. Methods Six databases were selected for the analysis. The research strategy was based on the PICO model. The research participants were children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and/or their parents. Results The present review of research papers includes 12 publications. The majority of works deal with the perspectives of children with type 1 diabetes and their parents on various aspects related to the role of a school nurse in the care of a child with type 1 diabetes: the presence of a school nurse; the role of a school nurse in the prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia, in performing the measurements of blood glucose, and in insulin therapy; the role of a nurse in improving metabolic control of children with type 1 diabetes; a nurse as an educator for children with type 1 diabetes, classmates, teachers, teacher’s assistants, principals, administrators, cafeteria workers, coaches, gym teachers, bus drivers, and school office staff; a nurse as an organiser of the care for children with type 1 diabetes. Conclusions According to parents and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, various forms of school nurse support (i.e., checking blood glucose, giving insulin, giving glucagon, treating low and high blood glucose levels, carbohydrate counting) are consistently effective and should have an impact on the condition, improvement of metabolic control, school activity and safety at school.

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