Effect of Population-Wide Hepatitis B Vaccination in Preventing Liver Cancer Among Children and Young Adults in the United States

Background: Liver cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer worldwide1. In 2013, 79,2000 new cases of liver cancer and 818,000 deaths occurred globally2,3. Chronic infection with HBV accounts for at least 50% of liver cancer globally4. In the United States (US), liver cancer constitute the ninth leading cause of cancer death. The incidence of the cancer has persistently increased in the recent decades. Universal HBV vaccination was introduced in 1992 in the US. However, incidence trends of liver cancer among US children is poorly researched or relevant studies are not up-to-date5. Aim: This study aims to explore the effect of HBV population-wide vaccination program in reducing liver cancer incidence in the vaccinated children and adolescents in the US. Methods: Liver cancer incidence data were obtained from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) databases (volumes I to X) from International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC). Data acquisition and analysis covered available incidence data between 1978-2007 from 9 cancer registries from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) from the US presented in the CI5 databases. Age-specific incidence rates of liver cancer (based on 5 year age groups ie 5-9 year, 10-14 year and 15-19 years) were calculated using age and sex-disaggregated incidence and population data from the SEER cancer registries. Stata software version 14.0 (StataCorp, USA) was used to calculate age-specific incidence rates, using number of liver cancer incident cases in each age group by the number of population in the respective age group. Age-specific rates were analyzed by period of diagnosis and by birth year. Rate ratios were estimated from age-group-specific Poisson regressions. Results: A total of 140 liver cancer incident cases were registered in the 9 SEER registries between 1978 to 2007 in the US. The incidence rate of liver cancer in children 5 to 9 years of age from 1978-1982 was 0.10 per 100,000 children. The incidence increased to 0.16 for the period from 2003-2007. The same trend is seen for the age group 10-14 and 15-19 years of age. Overall, age-specific incidence rates for liver cancer increased across age groups of 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 year in the population covered by the 9 SEER registries in the US. However, risk estimates (incidence rate ratios, resulted from age-group-specific Poisson regressions did not show statistical significant effects. Conclusion: While the global response to implement population-wide HBV vaccination program is out of question, efforts to establish processes to evaluate the effect of such programs seems to be incomparably limited. Estimating the effect of HBV vaccination will relatively improve with time as further incidence data become available eg upon publication of data from new volume of CI5 databases.

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Cancer sites and/or histologies with increasing incidence in elderly.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e12036 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e12036-e12036

Author(s):

Jigisha P. Thakkar ◽

Bridget J. McCarthy ◽

John L. Villano

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Age Group ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Cancer Statistics ◽

Elderly Males ◽

The Us

e12036 Background: In the US, from 2004-2008, approximately 7.8% of all cancers were diagnosed and 15.2% of cancer deaths occurred in those age 85 and older. Due to the aging of the US population, a focus on the incidence of cancer in the elderly population is needed to advance knowledge on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer in this age group. Methods: Data was retrieved from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Cancer Statistics Review and from the SEER website. Data from seventeen SEER registries for the years 2000-2008 were included. Cancer sites/histologies included invasive cases only, unless otherwise noted, and rates were per 100,000. Age-specific incidence rates for meningioma were obtained from Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) Statistical Report: NPCR (National Program of Cancer Registries) and SEER (2004-2007). Results: The overall cancer incidence rate decreases in the elderly age group. The age-specific (crude) SEER incidence rate for all cancer sites combined for those aged 85+ is 2299.65/100,000. Elderly males have a higher incidence rate as compared to elderly females (3220.7 versus 1884.9). Despite the overall decline in the incidence rate in the oldest age group, the cancer sites and/or histologies with continued increasing incidence rates after 85 years of age are: colon, bones and joints, gall bladder, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, pancreas, soft tissue including heart, vulva, vagina, and meningioma. Conclusions: Among cancer sites with increasing incidence after age 85; colon cancer has the highest incidence rate. Screening and early diagnosis for cancer in the elderly should be critically considered for colorectal cancers.

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Incidence and Trends of the Leading Cancers with Elevated Incidence Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 2012–2016

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwaa222 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie C Melkonian ◽

Hannah K Weir ◽

Melissa A Jim ◽

Bailey Preikschat ◽

Donald Haverkamp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

American Indian ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Alaska Native ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Breast Cancers ◽

Age Adjusted Rates ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Hispanic White

Abstract Cancer incidence varies among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations, as well as between AI/AN and White populations. This study examined trends for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations and estimated potentially avoidable incident cases among AI/AN populations. Incident cases diagnosed during 2012–2016 were identified from population-based cancer registries and linked with the Indian Health Service patient registration databases to improve racial classification of AI/AN populations. Age-adjusted rates (per 100,000) and trends were calculated for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations (rate ratio >1.0), by region. Trends were estimated using joinpoint regression analyses. Expected cancers were estimated by applying age-specific cancer incidence rates among non-Hispanic White populations to population estimates for AI/AN populations. Excess cancer cases among AI/AN populations were defined as observed minus expected cases. Liver, stomach, kidney, lung, colorectal and female breast cancers had higher incidence rate among AI/AN populations across most regions. Between 2012 and 2016, nearly 5,200 excess cancers were diagnosed among AI/AN populations, with the largest number of excess cancers (1,925) occurring in the Southern Plains region. Culturally informed efforts may reduce cancer disparities associated with these and other cancers among AI/AN populations.

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Trends in lung cancer incidence by age, sex and histology from 2012 to 2025 in Catalonia (Spain)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-02582-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Laura Guarga ◽

Alberto Ameijide ◽

Rafael Marcos-Gragera ◽

Marià Carulla ◽

Joaquim Delgadillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Histological Type ◽

Multidisciplinary Teams ◽

Lung Cancer Incidence ◽

Incident Cases

AbstractLung cancer remains one the most common cancers in Europe and ranks first in terms of cancer mortality in both sexes. Incidence rates vary by region and depend above all on the prevalence of tobacco consumption. In this study we describe recent trends in lung cancer incidence by sex, age and histological type in Catalonia and project changes according to histology by 2025. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used to predict trends in lung cancer incidence according to histological type from 2012 to 2025, using data from the population-based Catalan cancer registries. Data suggest a decrease in the absolute number of new cases in men under the age of 70 years and an increase in women aged 60 years or older. Adenocarcinoma was the most common type in both sexes, while squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma were decreasing significantly among men. In both sexes, the incident cases increased by 16% for patients over 70 years. Increases in adenocarcinoma and rising incidence in elderly patients suggest the need to prioritize strategies based on multidisciplinary teams, which should include geriatric specialists.

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Lung Cancer Incidence Patterns in Four Countries of the Middle East Cancer Consortium (Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Izmir (Turkey)) with Comparison to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program

International Journal of Cancer Research & Therapy ◽

10.33140/ijcrt/01/01/00001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Middle East ◽

Cell Cancer ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Cancer Control ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Cancer Registry Data

Lung Cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. LC incidence data from four Cancer Registries of the Middle East Cancer Consortium (Cyprus, Israel, Izmir/Turkey and Jordan) are reported with the aim to examine the differences between these four countries and SEER. Cancer registry data on invasive lung cancer diagnoses for 2005-2010 were analyzed. Age-Standardized incidence Rates (ASR) and age distribution were calculated. The percentage of microscopically verified cases, the histological type and staging of the disease were also captured. There is a greater than 4-fold difference in the total ASR for LC between Izmir/Turkey (51.6) and Jordan (11.6), whilst Cyprus (20.8), Israel Jewish (24.3) and Israel Arab (30.7) have intermediate ASRs. A much lower incidence was observed for women in the MECC countries compared to SEER (37.5), with Israeli Jews having the highest incidence (16.4). For men, both Turkey (98.0) and Israel Arab (54.3) have higher ASRs than SEER (52.5), whilst Jordan has the lowest (19.1). There is a larger proportion of adenocarcinoma in Cyprus and Israeli Jews, and of squamous cell cancer in Turkey. The proportion of patients with metastatic disease is between 52-60.8% for Cyprus, Israel, Izmir Turkey and SEER, but higher at 71.1% in Jordan. Despite the close geographic proximity there are significant differences in LC incidence rates, age distribution, histological types and staging in the four MECC countries that need to be taken into consideration in the design of cancer control and prevention activities in these countries.

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Recent Trends in Prostate Cancer Incidence by Age, Cancer Stage, and Grade, the United States, 2001–2007

Prostate Cancer ◽

10.1155/2012/691380 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Jun Li ◽

Joseph A. Djenaba ◽

Ashwini Soman ◽

Sun Hee Rim ◽

Viraj A. Master

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Tumor Characteristics ◽

Prostate Cancer Incidence ◽

Poorly Differentiated ◽

Prostate Cancers ◽

Cancer Incidence Rates

Objective. To examine prostate cancer trends by demographic and tumor characteristics because a comprehensive examination of recent prostate cancer incidence rates is lacking.Patients and Methods. We described prostate cancer incidence rates and trends using the 2001–2007 National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data (representing over 93% of US population). Because of coding changes in cancer grade, we restricted analysis to 2004–2007. We conducted descriptive and trend analyses using SEER*Stat.Results. The overall prostate cancer incidence rate was stable from 2001 to 2007; however, rates significantly increased among men aged 40–49 years (APC = 3.0) and decreased among men aged 70–79 years (APC = 2.3), and 80 years or older (APC = −4.4). About 42% of localized prostate cancers diagnosed from 2004 to 2007 were poorly differentiated. The incidence of poorly differentiated cancer significantly increased among localized (APC = 8.0) and regional stage (APC = 6.1) prostate cancers during 2004–2007.Conclusions. The recent trend in prostate cancer incidence was stable but varied dramatically by age. Given the large proportion of poorly differentiated disease among localized prostate cancers and its increasing trend in more recent years, continued monitoring of prostate cancer incidence and trends by demographic and tumor characteristics is warranted.

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Major changes in breast cancer incidence in the United States over the period 2002 to 2004

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.1533 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 1533-1533

Author(s):

P. Ravdin ◽

K. A. Cronin ◽

N. Howlader ◽

C. D. Berg ◽

E. J. Feuer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

United States ◽

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Breast Cancer Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The Us ◽

The Impact

1533 Background: We have recently reported that a steep decrease in the incidence of breast cancer occurred in the United States in 2003 relative to 2002 (BCRT 100: S5, 2006). This decrease was most evident in patients older than 50, and largely occurred because of a decrease in the incidence of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. This decrease occurred after the report in 2002 of the results of first of the Women s Health Initiative trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). This publication showed that use of a combined estrogen/progestin combination was associated with increased risk of breast cancer and heart disease and led to an immediate and substantial decrease in the use of HT in the US. Dramatic shifts in breast cancer incidence are unusual, and provide unique opportunities to test models that have been developed to explain trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality. We have been engaged in modeling trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality, in collaborative effects such as the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET), to understand these and other processes (NEJM 353:1784–1792,2005). These models have practical implications for understanding the impact of changes in risk factors, use of prevention strategies, screening, and treatment of breast cancer. Methods: SEER public use incidence data from 1990 to the end of 2003 will be updated with information from the release in the spring of 2007 of incidence data for 2004. We will analyze the full data set through 2004 and report on the trends in incidence of breast cancer in the population as a whole and by subsets (such as age, estrogen receptor status, stage etc). We will also use the most recent and detailed data about HT use and screening mammography during this period as part of modeling. Results: We are awaiting SEER data from 2004 which will be released by April of 2007. Conclusions: Our first SEER based multi-year analysis of breast cancer incidence following the change in HT use in the US will be presented. Modeling of these trends in incidence will be discussed in the context of understanding the role of various contributors to the change in breast cancer incidence and what insights on the evolution of preclinical disease might be possible. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Trends of endometrial cancer incidence from 2000 to 2015 in the United States.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.5591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 5591-5591

Author(s):

V V Pavan Kedar Mukthinuthalapati ◽

Muhammad Zain Farooq ◽

Shweta Gupta

Keyword(s):

Endometrial Cancer ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

P Value ◽

Age Group ◽

Histologic Subtype ◽

The Us ◽

Histologic Subtypes

5591 Background: Recent studies have shown that obesity related cancers are increasing in incidence in the US as the rates of obesity rise and some cancers, like colorectal cancer, are occurring in younger age groups. We studied trends in incidence of endometrial cancer (EC), one of the obesity related cancers, in a population wide analysis. Methods: We analyzed data from all cases of EC between 2000 and 2015 from 18 US cancer registries using the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. SEER*Stat was used to query the database for annual percent changes (APC), incidence ratios and percent change in incidence across different age groups, years of diagnosis, histologic subtypes, grade and race. We also studied the reported rates and trends of obesity in the US. Results: APC of age-adjusted EC incidence between 2000 and 2015 was +0.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-0.6, p value<0.05). Incidence of EC rose from 17.8 per 100,000 to 19.7 per 100,000 during the same duration. APC for EC incidence for age groups 20-39 and >40 were +3.2% (p-value <0.05) and +0.8% (p value <0.05), respectively. For the age-group 20-39, endometrioid EC was the only histologic subtype that rose in incidence, with an APC of +5.5% and absolute percentage change of 156%. The APC of EC in 20-39 age group was more for whites (3.5%, p-value<0.05) and Asians (2.2%, p-value<0.05) than blacks (1.8, p-value <0.05). CDC reported an increase in obesity rates in adults from 30.5% in 2000 to 37.7% in 2014. Table shows trends of EC incidence in age groups 20-39 and >40 years across various histologic subtypes. (Abbreviations: S significant, NS not significant, NC non-calculable). Conclusions: Endometrial cancer, especially of endometrioid histology, is increasing in incidence and is occurring more often in the younger population. The concomitant rise in obesity rates during the same period point towards a possible causality of the increased in incidence of EC. Population based strategies are needed to decrease the trends in obesity so as to decrease the risk of endometrial cancer in younger women. [Table: see text]

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Projecting Cancer Incidence for 2025 in the 2 Largest Populated Cities in Vietnam

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/1073274819865274 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 107327481986527 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sang Minh Nguyen ◽

Stephen Deppen ◽

Giang Huong Nguyen ◽

Dung Xuan Pham ◽

Tung Duc Bui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Cancer Control ◽

Aging Population ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cancer Site ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Liver Cancers ◽

Pharynx Cancer

The population size and projected demographics of Vietnam’s 2 largest cities, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Hanoi, will change dramatically over the next decade. Demographic changes in an aging population coupled with income growth and changes in lifestyle will result in a very different distribution of common cancers in the future. The study aimed to project the number of cancer incidence in the 2 largest populated cities in Vietnam for the year 2025. Cancer incidence data from 2004 to 2013 collected from population-based cancer registries in these 2 cities were provided by Vietnam National Cancer Institute. Incidence cases in 2013 and the previous decades average annual percent changes of age-standardized cancer incidence rates combined with expected population growth were modeled to project cancer incidence for each cancer site by gender to 2025. A substantial double in cancer incidence from 2013 to 2025 resulted from a growing and aging population in HCMC and Hanoi. Lung, colorectum, breast, thyroid, and liver cancers, which represent 67% of the overall cancer burden, are projected to become the leading cancer diagnoses by 2025 regardless of genders. For men, the leading cancer sites in 2025 are predicted to be lung, colorectum, esophagus, liver, and pharynx cancer, and among women, they are expected to be breast, thyroid, colorectum, lung, and cervical cancer. We projected an epidemiological transition from infectious-associated cancers to a high burden of cancers that have mainly been attributed to lifestyle in both cities. We predicted that with 16.9% growth in the overall population and dramatic aging with these 2 urban centers, the burdens of cancer incidence will increase sharply in both cities over the next decades. Data on projections of cancer incidence in both cities provide useful insights for directing appropriate policies and cancer control programs in Vietnam.

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Population-based analysis of the rising incidence of renal cancer: Evaluation of age-specific trends (1975-2006).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.357 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (7_suppl) ◽

pp. 357-357

Author(s):

K. G. Nepple ◽

S. A. Strope

Keyword(s):

Renal Cancer ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Age Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Age At Diagnosis ◽

Percentage Change ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

Annual Percentage Change ◽

Incident Cases

357 Background: Multiple studies show an increasing incidence of renal cancer, possibly related to the rising use of cross sectional imaging. We explored if the increase in renal cancer incidence differs across age groups. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data for the years 1975-2006, we ascertained incident cases of renal cancer. Urothelial histology was excluded. Yearly incidence rates of renal cancer were calculated, age-adjusted to the United States 2,000 standard adult population, and stratified by age group (20-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80+). Age-specific trends in renal cancer diagnosis over time were evaluated with Poisson regression. Results: 63,843 incident renal cancer cases were identified in 544,684,745 person-years of observation. From 1975 to 2006, overall age-adjusted renal cancer incidence rose 238% from 7.4 to 17.6 per 100,000 adults. The mean age at diagnosis was 61.7 years in 1975, increased to 64.7 years in 1991, and then declined to 62.7 years by 2006. Using 1991 (the year of peak renal cancer age at diagnosis) as the dividing point, the average annual percentage increase in renal cancer incidence was 3.6% from 1976-1990 and 2.9% from 1991- 2006. The age-specific incidence rates of renal cancer increased in all age groups from 1975 to 2006; however the age-specific incidence rates changed at different rates (p<0.0001). Younger age groups showed a more rapid increase in renal cancer incidence over the second half of the study than did the older age groups. For example, for patients age 20-39 years the annual percentage change increased from 4.5% in 1975-1990 to 5.2% in 1991-2006 while annual percentage change decreased from 6.7% in 1975-1990 to 0.9% in 1991-2006 in those over 79 years old. The proportion of patients diagnosed younger than age 65 increased from 45.9% in 1991 to 55.3% in 2006. Conclusions: The incidence of renal cancer has risen steadily since 1975 and continues to increase in all age groups. In the last 15 years, mean age at diagnosis of renal cancer has decreased driven by an increased incidence in younger patients with proportionally less increase in older patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Cancer Incidence in Turin: The Effect of Migration

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089169307900504 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 79 (5) ◽

pp. 304-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Stefano Rosso ◽

Silvia Patriarca ◽

Piera Vicari ◽

Roberto Zanetti

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Mortality Data ◽

The South ◽

Incidence Data ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Corpus Uteri

Aims and Background Studies on migrant populations have been of great value in clarifying the role of environmental factors in cancer occurrence. Most of them consider migrants from other countries or continents. Turin, the target territory of this study, was an important area of Internal migration initially from the East, and more recently from southern Italy. Methods The study compared incidence rates (age-standardized) of the native population, of the migrants and incidence rates of the Cancer Registries located in the four main areas of origin. Results Overall incidence rates in migrants from southern Italy were intermediate compared with those of the stable populations of the South and the North. The same effect was not true for people from the North-East, who migrated in earlier decades. In this population, migration towards lower-incidence areas did not reduce cancer incidence. Migrants from the South showed a significant increase in intestinal, breast, and tobacco-related tumors compared to the stable southern population. No effect of migration was found for cancer of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach or corpus uteri. Incidence of liver cancer in migrant southern males was significantly different from the stable and the native north-western population. Conclusions The results, based on incidence data, validated previous findings based on mortality data on the effect of Italian Internal migrations and showed that migrants underwent changes in some environmental exposures. In particular, migrants from the South to the North of Italy came into contact with new risk factors, with an increase in occurrence of cancer.

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