Ensuring arsenic-safe water supply in local communities

AbstractDiarrhoeal disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children and is usually measured at individual level. Shared household attributes, such as improved water supply and sanitation, expose those living in the same household to these same risk factors for diarrhoea. The occurrence of diarrhoea in two or more children in the same household is termed ‘diarrhoea clustering’. The aim of this study was to examine the role of improved water supply and sanitation in the occurrence of diarrhoea, and the clustering of diarrhoea in households, among under-five children in India. Data were taken from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4), a nationally representative survey which interviewed 699,686 women from 601,509 households in the country. If any child was reported to have diarrhoea in a household in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, the household was designated a diarrhoeal household. Household clustering of diarrhoea was defined the occurrence of diarrhoea in more than one child in households with two or more children. The analysis was done at the household level separately for diarrhoeal households and clustering of diarrhoea in households. The presence of clustering was tested using a chi-squared test. The overall prevalences of diarrhoea and clustering of diarrhoea were examined using exogenous variables. Odds ratios, standardized to allow comparison across categories, were computed. The household prevalence of diarrhoea was 12% and that of clustering of diarrhoea was 2.4%. About 6.5% of households contributed 12.6% of the total diarrhoeal cases. Access to safe water and sanitation was shown to have a great impact on reducing diarrhoeal prevalence and clustering across different household groups. Safe water alone had a greater impact on reducing the prevalence in the absence of improved sanitation when compared with the presence of improved sanitation. It may be possible to reduce the prevalence of diarrhoea in households by targeting those households with more than one child in the under-five age group with the provision of safe water and improved sanitation.

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Remediation of inorganic arsenic in groundwater for safe water supply: A critical assessment of technological solutions

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.097 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 157-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 173

Author(s):

Priyanka Mondal ◽

Subhamoy Bhowmick ◽

Debashis Chatterjee ◽

Alberto Figoli ◽

Bart Van der Bruggen

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Inorganic Arsenic ◽

Critical Assessment ◽

Safe Water ◽

Arsenic In Groundwater

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Safe water, household income and health challenges in Ugandan homes that harvest rainwater

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2012.021 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 977-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Baguma ◽

Jamal H. Hashim ◽

Syed M. Aljunid ◽

Michael Hauser ◽

Helmut Jung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Health Risks ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Information Support ◽

Household Expenditures ◽

Safe Water ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Supply Equipment

Having access to a safe water supply is important to improve a person's quality of life. We examine the relationship between the influence of water availability on monthly household expenditures (the dependent variable) and independent variables such as household characteristics, tank size, usage instructions and post-construction guidance, including the management of water-related health risks. The sample consisted of 301 respondents who harvest rainwater in Uganda. A multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings show that post-construction guidance and tank size were significant variables. This study suggests the need for a follow-up to improve health after the installation of water supply equipment, i.e., to provide information about water risks, foster reading norms and facilitate the availability and affordability of information sources, e.g., subsidised newspapers and information support devices (computers). Additionally, this study shows the possibility of increased savings due to reduced expenditures on water from vendors and the management of water-related health risks caused by a water shortage, e.g., dehydration. Overall, the study reveals two possible ways to advance policy and health in developing countries: (1) ensuring sufficient post-construction guidance for all water resources; and (2) ensuring a sustainable supply of adequate safe water in households.

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USE OF INVESTMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE IN UKRAINE

World Science ◽

10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062019/6568 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (6(46)) ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

Oleksandr Ignatenko ◽

Iryna Krylova

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Local Communities ◽

The State ◽

Financial Resources ◽

Quality Of Services ◽

General Context ◽

Investment Activity ◽

Fixed Assets

The article is devoted to the clarification of the peculiarities of the use of investment instruments for the development of the water supply and wastewater sector in Ukraine. The sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine requires significant investments for the renewal of fixed assets of water supply and wastewater enterprises, reconstruction and development of engineering infrastructure, introduction of the latest technologies, improvement of the quality of services, etc. The authors consider the concept of investment, investment activity, investment program in the general context and in the field of water supply and wastewater. The structure of planned volumes of financing of measures of investment programs of water supply and wastewater enterprises in 2018 is being analyzed. Issues of application of other modern financial and economic mechanisms in the field of water supply and wastewater are considered. The article analyzes the state of realization of public-private partnership in the field of water supply and wastewater on the basis of statistical data. Investment approaches based on participative financing, which involves the use of financial resources not only of the state but also of local communities, business and civil society institutions, and financing through the use of opportunities of the market of debt obligations, including at the expense of the issue of municipal securities in the form of bonds of a local loan.

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