Measures of Bioavailable Serum Testosterone and Estradiol and Their Relationships with Muscle Strength, Bone Density, and Body Composition in Elderly Men*

Abstract In the present cross-sectional study of 403 independently living elderly men, we tested the hypothesis that the decreases in bone mass, body composition, and muscle strength with age are related to the fall in circulating endogenous testosterone (T) and estrogen concentrations. We compared various measures of the level of bioactive androgen and estrogen to which tissues are exposed. After exclusion of subjects with severe mobility problems and signs of dementia, 403 healthy men (age, 73–94 yr) were randomly selected from a population-based sample. Total T (TT), free T (FT), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined by RIA. Levels of non-SHBG-bound T (non-SHBG-T), FT (calc-FT), the TT/SHBG ratio, non-SHBG-bound E2, and free E2 were calculated. Physical characteristics of aging included muscle strength measured using dynamometry, total body bone mineral density (BMD), hip BMD, and body composition, including lean mass and fat mass, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. In this population of healthy elderly men, calc-FT, non-SHBG-T, E1, and E2 (total, free, and non-SHBG bound) decreased significantly with age. T (total and non-SHBG-T) was positively related with muscle strength and total body BMD (for non-SHBG-T, respectively, β = 1.93 ± 0.52, P < 0.001 and β = 0.011 ± 0.002, P < 0.001). An inverse association existed between T and fat mass (β = −0.53 ± 0.15, P < 0.001). Non-SHBG-T and calc-FT were more strongly related to muscle strength, BMD, and fat mass than TT and were also significantly related to hip BMD. E1 and E2 were both positively, independently associated with BMD (for E2, β = 0.21 ± 0.08, P < 0.01). Non-SHBG-bound E2 was slightly strongly related to BMD than total E2. The positive relation between T and BMD was independent of E2. E1 and E2 were not related with muscle strength or body composition. In summary, bioavailable T, E1, total E2, and bioavailable E2 all decrease with age in healthy old men. In this cross-sectional study in healthy elderly men, non-SHBG-bound T seems to be the best parameter for serum levels of bioactive T, which seems to play a direct role in the various physiological changes that occur during aging. A positive relation with muscle strength and BMD and a negative relation with fat mass was found. In addition, both serum E1 and E2 seem to play a role in the age-related bone loss in elderly men, although the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes a definitive conclusion. Non-SHBG-bound E2 seems to be the best parameter of serum bioactive E2 in describing its positive relation with BMD.

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Study of Anthropometric and Body Composition Variables in the Overweight/Obese, Sedentary Elderly Men Using WATERinMOTION Aqua Training: A cross-Sectional Study

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.5812/asjsm.109514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammadreza Rezaeipour ◽

Vladimir Ivanovich Nychyporuk ◽

Zahra Raghi

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Training Group ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Results ◽

Short Run

Background: The effect of aqua training on human body composition still causes inconsistency. Objectives: This study was set to identify the effects of WATERinMOTION (WiM) as a water-based exercise on anthropometric and body composition variables without dietetic supervision in overweight/obese, sedentary elderly men. Methods: Participants (n = 70; age: 70.5 ± 4.4 years) derived by purposive and accessible selection were randomly distributed to either a one-month WiM aqua training group (n = 35, two weekly sessions each included 55 minutes on WiM aqua training) or a control group (n = 35, at the same time in sitting state). Anthropometric measures (height, weight, and waist circumference [WC]) and body composition variables (body mass index [BMI], fat mass [FM], total body water [TBW], and free fat mass [FFM]) were evaluated pre/post-study. Results: Upon analysis, statistically significant changes (P ≤ 0.05) were set on weight, BMI, and FM by comparing pre/post study for the WiM group. Furthermore, comparing groups at post disclosed a significant change in anthropometric measures (weight and WC) and body composition variables (BMI, FM, TBW, and FFM). Conclusions: A short-run, non-diet-supervised WiM program suggests supporting a loss in weight, FM, and BMI in overweight/obese, sedentary elderly men.

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Cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome among physical fitness components: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ◽

10.1186/s40101-020-00241-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bokun Kim ◽

Minjae Ku ◽

Tanaka Kiyoji ◽

Tomonori Isobe ◽

Takeji Sakae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Whole Body ◽

Fitness Components ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Maintaining a good level of physical fitness from engaging in regular exercise is important for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, which components constitutive of physical fitness confer the greatest influence remains controversial. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between MetS and physical fitness components including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, flexibility, and agility and to identify which physical fitness components have the largest influence on MetS. Methods A total of 168 Japanese adult males aged 25–64 years were allocated into non-MetS, pre-MetS, and MetS groups according to the criteria recommended by the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. Anthropometric measurement of body composition by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measures related to MetS, including waist circumference, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, blood pressure, glucose level, and physical fitness components, were assessed. For evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, flexibility, agility, and balance, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (VO2AnT), handgrip strength and vertical jumping, trunk extension and flexion, stepping side to side, and single-leg balance task with the eyes closed were assessed, respectively. Results A progressive tendency of increasing body weight, body mass index, whole-body lean and fat mass, percentage of whole-body fat mass, trunk lean and fat mass, percentage of trunk fat mass, arm fat mass, waist circumference, triglyceride level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood glucose level from the non-MetS group to the MetS group was significant (P < 0.05). Conversely, the cardiorespiratory endurance parameters VO2peak and VO2AnT and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level showed a progressively decreasing tendency across the groups (P < 0.01). In addition, a VO2peak below 29.84 ml·kg·min−1 (P = 0.028) and VO2AnT below 15.89 ml·kg·min−1 (P = 0.011) were significant risk components for pre-MetS and MetS. However, there was no significant tendency with respect to muscle strength, agility, and flexibility. Conclusion Cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome among physical fitness components

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Determinants of fat mass in prepubertal children

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2002698 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 545-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. J. Müller ◽

A. Grund ◽

H. Krause ◽

M. Siewers ◽

A. Bosy-Westphal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Overweight Children ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Normal Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prepubertal Children

The aim of the present study was to compare variables of metabolism, physical activity and fitness to body composition in normal and overweight children in a cross-sectional study design. Body composition was assessed by anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis in forty-eight prepubertal children (age 5–11 years, thirteen normal-weight, thirty-five overweight). Total energy expenditure (EE) was measured by combination of indirect calorimetry (for measurement of resting EE) and individually calibrated 24 h heart-rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related EE and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. Time spent with min-by-min HR>FLEX HR was also used as a marker of moderate habitual and vigorous activities. Aerobic fitness (O2 pulse (O2 consumption:HR at submaximal steady-state heart rate), submaximal O2 consumption (VO2submaximal), RER at a HR of 170 beats per min) was determined by bicycle ergometry. Muscle strength of the legs (maximal isometric strength of musculus quadriceps and of musculus ischiocruralis (Fa max and Fb max respectively)) was measured by computer tensiometry. When compared with normal children, overweight children had higher skinfold thicknesses (sum of skinfold thicknesses at four sites +160%), fat mass (+142%), waist (+24%) and hip circumferences (+14%), resting EE (+13%) and RER (+5%). No significant group differences were found for fat-free mass, muscle mass, total EE, activity-related EE, PAL, HR>FLEX HR, VO2submaximal, O2 pulse, Fa max and Fb max as well as the fat-free mass- or muscle mass-adjusted values for resting EE, aerobic fitness and muscle strength. When compared with normal children, overweight children had a lower measured v. estimated resting EE (Δ resting EE) and spent more time watching television. There were positive relationships between fat-free mass(x) and resting EE(x), total EE(y), aerobic fitness(y) and muscle strength(y), but only Δ resting EE(x) and HR>FLEX HR(x) correlated with fat mass(y). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis resting EE adjusted for fat-free mass and Δ resting EE were significant determinants of % fat mass and explained 29·7% of its variance. Thus, in the present cross-sectional study, resting EE was the most important determinant of fat mass.

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The Association between Physical Fitness Performance and Subjective Happiness among Taiwanese Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17113774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 3774 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hui-Ling Chen ◽

Po-Fu Lee ◽

Yun-Chi Chang ◽

Fu-Shu Hsu ◽

Ching-Yu Tseng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Step Test ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models

The purpose of the present study was to determine the association between health-related physical fitness (HRPF) performance and perceived happiness status among adults in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data derived from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan 2014–2015 were reviewed. The participants included 27,930 men and 30,885 women, aged 23 to 64 years. Each participant completed a standardized, structured questionnaire and underwent anthropometric variable and HRPF measurements. The happiness outcome of an individual was obtained using the questionnaire, and the results were stratified into happy (very happy, quite happy, and fair) and unhappy (unhappy and not at all happy) groups for perceived happiness status. HRPF measurements were evaluated using cardiorespiratory endurance (3 min step test), muscle strength and endurance (1 min sit-up test), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), and body composition (body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio). To determine the existence of a dose–response relationship between HRPF component levels and happiness status, four quartiles of HRPF components were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. Multiple logistic regression results indicated that with the worst performance level of HRPF components as a baseline, significant associations were observed for the sit-and-reach test (third level: OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.49) and BMI (second level: OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64–0.95) among men. For women, significant associations were observed for the 1 min sit-up test (second level: OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03–1.60; third level: OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04–1.67; fourth (the best) level: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12–1.95) and BMI (third level: OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.92). The current study suggested that higher values in flexibility and body composition, happiness-related factors, potentially improve the occurrence of happiness among men. Moreover, this positive effect of higher values of muscle strength, endurance, and BMI was observed for the occurrence of happiness in women. However, the relevant mechanism underlying this phenomenon must be further explored.

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Impact of Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity on Body Composition Parameters, Lipid Profile Markers, and Irisin Levels in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030742 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 742 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Catia Morelli ◽

Ennio Avolio ◽

Angelo Galluccio ◽

Giovanna Caparello ◽

Emanuele Manes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Group A ◽

Vigorous Intensity

In adolescence, health status is influenced by several factors, including dietary pattern and physical activity (PA) which are crucial elements of lifestyle in terms of prevention and treatment of metabolic and chronic diseases. The current study aimed to explore the impact of the different intensity levels of PA along with the adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), on body composition indices and metabolic parameters in a cohort of adolescents, thereby investigating potential predictors of health behavior in youth. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 92 participants (44 girls and 48 boys, aged 14 to 17 years), which were divided into the following three groups according to intensity levels of PA: Group A (physical inactivity), Group B (moderate PA), and Group C (vigorous-intensity PA). The Questionnaire of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (KIDMED test) was used to assess both diet composition and adherence to a MD. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, bio-impedentiometric analysis for body composition parameters, and biochemical and hormonal measurements. The majority of adolescents (60.87%) had a medium adherence to the MD, and even a better distribution of food rates was found in adolescents performing vigorous-intensity PA. A comparison of anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters among groups showed that body mass index and fat mass (FM) were significantly lower while body cell mass (BCM), free fat mass (FFM), phase angle (PhA), and total body water (TBW) were higher in Group C adolescents as compared with those of Group A. In Group C, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was reduced and insulin levels were inversely associated with FFM (r = −0.454 and p = 0.004) and directly correlated with FM (r = 0.331 and p = 0.003). In the same Group C, we observed elevated serum irisin levels and lower lipid profile markers as compared with Group A. Interestingly, irisin negatively correlated with both total cholesterol (r = −0.428 and p = 0.04) and LDL (r = −0.468 and p = 0.02) in Group C. Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis revealed irisin, LDL, HDL, and body composition variables (FFM, BMC, PhA, and TBW) as the most predictive measures for vigorous-intensity PA. Our results highlight the importance of developing healthy lifestyle programs that include improving the intensity of PA among a young population as a superior strategy for ensuring a better quality of life.

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Are serum leptin and the Gln223Arg polymorphism of the leptin receptor determinants of bone homeostasis in elderly men?

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.02130 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 154 (5) ◽

pp. 707-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Patricia Crabbe ◽

Stefan Goemaere ◽

Hans Zmierczak ◽

Inge Van Pottelbergh ◽

Dirk De Bacquer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Leptin Receptor ◽

Type I ◽

Bone Homeostasis ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Leptin ◽

Free Estradiol

Objective: Across studies it has been suggested that leptin intervenes as a regulator of bone metabolism. This study assesses the contribution in elderly men of leptin and the Gln223Arg leptin receptor gene (LEPR) polymorphism to the variation in bone homeostasis, in relation to body composition and free estradiol as major confounders. Design: We performed cross-sectional (n = 270) and longitudinal (mean follow-up 3.4 years, n = 214) evaluations in elderly men. Methods: Serum leptin, LEPR genotype, baseline bone mineral density (BMD), longitudinal BMD changes at the hip and forearm, and biochemical markers of bone turnover were determined. Results: In cross-sectional analyses absolute fat mass was the index of body composition most strongly associated with leptin (r = 0.74; P < 0.001). LEPR genotypes and serum leptin were not associated. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (S-BAP) was associated with LEPR genotypes (P = 0.05) and urinary C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (U-CTX) were associated with leptin levels (P = 0.03), independently from age, fat mass and free estradiol. Baseline BMD at the hip and forearm was neither associated with leptin nor with LEPR genotypes. Prospectively assessed BMD loss was not associated with serum leptin at the hip, whereas BMD loss was positively associated with leptin at the forearm (P = 0.01), independently from age, fat mass and free estradiol. Longitudinal changes in hip or forearm BMD were not associated with LEPR genotypes. Conclusion: The findings suggest a possible role for leptin as determinant of bone homeostasis in elderly men, but with only modest impact independently from body composition and free estradiol.

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POS0570 ASSOCIATION OF BODY FAT MASS AND ITS DISTRIBUTION WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY, PAIN AND DISABILITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 519.2-520

Author(s):

O. Lamkhanat ◽

H. Azzouzi ◽

I. Linda

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Body Composition ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Health Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Cross Sectional

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and body composition are closely related. Recent studies have found a significant association between fat mass and disease activity and disability in RA [1].Objectives:We aimed to study the association between body fat mass and its distribution with disease activity, disability, and pain in RA patients.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study of patients with RA diagnosis according to ACR-EULAR 2010 classification recruited from first January 2021. Those with prior cancer, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cirrhosis were excluded. Body fat mass (BFM) and its distribution (gynoid (GFM), android (AFM), visceral (VFM), limbs (LFM), trunk (TFM)) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic, Horizon QDR®). Clinical data and laboratory tests of the same day of the DXA scan were analyzed. The associations between BFM and its distribution with disease activity score (DAS28CRP), pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and disability measured by health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) were explored. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ of 25kg/m2. Our statistical analysis was based on descriptive study, comparisons and linear regressions using SPSS 20.Results:It is about 69 RA patients. Their mean age was 49.86 ± 14.33 years, mean DAS28CRP was 2.56 ± 1.27, and mean disease duration was 14.84 ± 10.99 years. Sixty-two (89.9%) were women. The mean BMI was 26.46 ± 5.26 kg/m2, and 41 patients were obese (59.4%). Compared with non-obese patients, obese patients had a higher C-reactive protein (p = 0.03). DAS28CRP was higher in obese patients (2.77 ± 1.41 vs 2.25 ± 0.97) but did not reach significance (p = 0.07). We did not find any difference between the two groups regarding pain and disability. In univariate regression analysis, the LFM was positively associated with disease activity (p = 0.001; β = 0.38), pain (p = 0.001; β = 0.38) and disability (p = 0.007; β = 0.32). Adjusted on BMI, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, cumulative dose of corticosteroid, disease and corticosteroid duration, menopause duration, dose and duration of methotrexate, we found a significant association between LFM, disability (p = 0.02; β = 0.51), disease activity (p = 0.02; β = 0.54) and pain (p = 0.009; β = 0.57). However, we had no association between disease activity, pain, and disability with BFM and the other components.Conclusion:Limbs fat mass was significantly associated with the activity, disability, and pain in RA patients.References:[1]Kyeong Min Son, Seong Hun Kang, Young Il Seo, Hyun Ah Kim. Association of body composition with disease activity and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Korean J Intern Med. 2021 Jan;36(1):214-222.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Associations of dietary anthocyanidins intake with body composition in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study

Food & Nutrition Research ◽

10.29219/fnr.v65.4428 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gengdong Chen ◽

Yan Li ◽

Shujun Liang ◽

Jinqiu Xiao ◽

Xinyu Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Standard Deviation Increase

Background: Previous animal and in vitro studies indicated that anthocyanidins might contribute to the prevention of obesity, while epidemiological evidences were scarce and had not been conducted in children. Objective: We explored the associations between anthocyanidins and body composition in children. Design: A cross-sectional study involving 452 children aged 6–9 years in Guangzhou, China, was carried out. Dietary information was collected using a 79-items food frequency questionnaire. Fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat mass percentage (FMP) at multi-sites (whole body, trunk, limbs, android area, and gynoid area) were measured using a dual-energy X-ray scan. Abdominal obesity was defined as an age- and sex-specific abdominal FM ≥ 85th percentile. Handgrip strength was measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Results: After adjusted for several potential covariates, higher dietary intake of anthocyanidin (per one standard deviation increase) was associated with a 0.013–0.223 kg increase of LM, a 0.024–0.134 kg decrease of FM, and a 0.63–0.76% decrease of FMP at multi-sites (P < 0.05). Results were similar and more pronounced for delphinidin and cyanidin, but less significant for peonidin. Higher dietary anthocyanidin intake (per standard deviation increase) was associated with a 41.0% (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.37, 0.94) decreased risk of abdominal obesity. However, no significant associations were observed between anthocyanidin and handgrip strengths. Conclusions: Higher dietary intake of anthocyanidin and its components tended to be associated with better body composition, but not handgrip strength, in Chinese children at early age.

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Relationship of the phase angle with the maximum and explosive force in soccer players from Bogotá

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

L Castro Jimenez ◽

I Sanchez Rojas ◽

Y Argüello Gutierrez ◽

A Galvez Pardo ◽

P Melo Buitrago

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

General Population ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Team Members ◽

Explosive Force ◽

Jump Power

Abstract The phase angle (AF) obtained by electrical bioimpedance (BIE) analyzes the muscle composition by establishing the amount of water and electrolytes as indicators of cell size, number, and integrity, as essential body composition axes to determine training objectives and states of Health. Objective To determine the relationship between AF and maximum force (FM) and explosive (FME) in soccer players from Bogotá-Colombia. Methods Cross-sectional study of correlational scope. 86 players were selected (age: 18.67 ± 2.9 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.070 m; weight: 66.58 ± 9.94 kg) team members: Fortaleza, Tigres, Juventus, and Dinhos. The following were evaluated: body composition using InBody® 770; FM using T-Force® and FME (SJ) with optogait®. Results AF 6,46 ±0,58, FM in squats 614,4N ±262,28, maximum squat power 326,34W ±182,16 and maximum jump power SJ 649,7W ±117. There was a statistically significant relationship between musculoskeletal mass (0.598 p = 0.000),% body fat mass (-0.458 p = 0.000), peak FM (0.639 p = 0.000), maximum peak power (0.569 p = 0.000), maximum jump power (-0.636 p = 0.000) and AF. AF is associated with variables of body composition and muscle strength, making it an instrument that could help predict physiological behavior in soccer players and the general population. It shows correlations and markers applicable to sports and clinical diagnosis that will allow generating health promotion programs. Key messages The AF is constituted as an easily accessible marker for nutritional health and functional profile in athletes. AF is associated with variables of body composition and muscle strength, making it an instrument that could help predict physiological behavior in soccer players and the general population.

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