Adhesion of red blood cells to charged interfaces between immiscible liquids. A new method

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239
Author(s):  
D. Gingell ◽  
I. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Behenic Acid ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Adherent Cells ◽  
Immiscible Liquids ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Oil Water

We have devised a method of making a flat oil/water interface which remains flat on inversion. Cell adhesion to the interface can be observed microscopically. Glutaraldehyde-fixed human red blood cells adhere to the interface between physiological saline and hexadecane containing surface-active behenic acid at pH values below about 7-5. At high pH values, cells are prevented from adhering due to dissociation of the carboxyl groups of behenic acid oriented in the interface. The negative red cells are driven away electrostatically. Adherent and non-adherent cells remain on the aqueous side of the interface and do not appreciably deform it when adherent. Cells are electrostatically attracted to a similar interface containing positively charged octadecyltrimethylammonium ions. Cells also adhere to an interface containing octadecanol, which carries no charge. Underlying both electrostatic repulsion and attraction between red cells and oil/water interfaces is an attractive force which may be of electrodynamic (van der Waals) origin.

scholarly journals How Do Red Blood Cells Die?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Thiagarajan ◽  
Charles J. Parker ◽  
Josef T. Prchal
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Physicochemical Changes ◽  
Cell Clearance

Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.

scholarly journals Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Aarts ◽  
PA Bolhuis ◽  
KS Sakariassen ◽  
RM Heethaar ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

scholarly journals The Chemical Composition of Normal Human Red Blood Cells, including Variability among Centrifuged Cells

Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS G. KEITEL ◽  
H. BERMAN ◽  
H. JONES ◽  
E. MACLACHLAN
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Centrifuge Tube

Abstract 1. Red cells from different layers of centrifuged cells vary in composition. Cells obtained from the upper layer, which is relatively richer in reticulocytes, contain more water, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus than the remaining cells. 2. The direct method of analysis of red blood cells using a constricted type centrifuge tube to separate the entire red cells sample from buffy layer cells and from plasma avoids the errors in direct analysis caused by different cell population in upper and lower layers of centrifuged cells and the cumulative errors inherent in indirect analysis. 3. Using the direct method and a constricted type centrifuge tube, the means and standard deviations of the water and mineral content of the erythrocytes and plasma of 11 normal males and 11 normal females were determined. Males were found to have a higher sodium content of red cells and plasma. 4. The sum of the molal concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus in red cells is not always equal to the sum of the molal concentrations of these minerals in the plasma.

Proton-sulfate cotransport: external proton activation of sulfate influx into human red blood cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. C247-C259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Milanick ◽  
R. B. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Internal Ph ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
External Ph ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Sulfate influx into human red blood cells was measured at 0 and 22 degrees C at several fixed external pH values between 3 and 10. These cells had normal internal pH and chloride concentrations so that sulfate influx was not limited by the efflux half-cycle reactions. The flux was a Michaelis-Menten function of sulfate concentration at each pH with K1/2SO4 = 4-10 mM. External protons activated influx 100-fold at a single site with a pK = 5.9 at 22 degrees C and 5.5 at 0 degrees C. This pK is similar to the value 5.99 +/- 0.3 for external proton binding to the sulfate-loaded transporter at 0 degrees C (J. Gen. Physiol. 79: 87-114, 1982). The flux was stilbene sensitive even in valinomycin-treated cells and was independent of membrane potential. This proton-activated influx appears to be proton-sulfate cotransport. At high pH there was a proton-independent flux that was membrane potential and stilbene sensitive. This proton-insensitive flux appears to be SO4(2-)/Cl- exchange or net sulfate influx. The sulfate influx over the entire pH range may be described in terms of an equation for the sum of the influxes through these two pathways on band 3.

scholarly journals Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Aarts ◽  
PA Bolhuis ◽  
KS Sakariassen ◽  
RM Heethaar ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

scholarly journals Some effects of low pH on chloride exchange in human red blood cells.

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B Gunn ◽  
J O Wieth ◽  
D C Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Chloride Exchange ◽  
Red Cell Membranes ◽  
Exchange Flux

In order to test the range of pH values over which the titratable carried model for inorganic anion exchange is valid, chloride self-exchange across human red blood cells was examined between pH 4.75 and 5.7 at 0 decrees c. It was found that chloride self-exchange flux had a minimum near pH 5 and increased again with further increase in hydrogen ion activity. The Arrhenius activation energy for chloride exchange was greatly reduced at low pH values. The chloride flux at pH 5.1 did not show the saturation kinetics reported at higher pH values but was proportional to the value of the chloride concentration squared. In addition, the extent of inhibition of chloride self-exchange flux by phloretin was reduced at low pH. Our interpretation of these findings is that the carrier-mediated flux becomes a progressively smaller fraction of the total flux at lower pH values and that a different transport mode requiring two chloride ions to form the permeant species and having a low specificity and temperature dependence becomes significant below pH5. A possible mechanism for this transport is that chloride crosses red cell membranes as dimers of HCl at these very low pH values.

scholarly journals The Kinetics of Glucose Transport in Human Red Blood Cells Depend on Their Metabolic State

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 334-342
Author(s):  
Günter Fred Fuhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article about freshly drawn human red blood cells offers new insights in regulation of glucose transport. Transport of glucose in Glut1 red blood cells is highly asymmetric and depend on metabolic energy, most probably ATP. The changes in “Km” for efflux and Vm obtained by ATP depletion of the cells are completely restored by incubation with adenosine, a substrate for ATP generation. The glucose efflux in red cells is much higher than influx. The high amounts of the red cells in the blood (About 45%) provide by their efficient efflux system of more than 1000 mmol glucose/L cells/ min. support of glucose toward the peripherical cells as well as supply with oxygen. Wilbrandt’s general rate equation including osmometer behavior of the red blood cells and the solvation of the transport resistance with the individual parameters, including the turnover of the unloaded carrier is detailed mathematically explained. It is to memorize Walter Wilbrandt and a history of his contribution to the glucose transport in human red cells. The integrated rate equation describes perfectly the data obtained by right-angular light-scattering. Wilbrandt’s transport scheme can be used to calculate the turnover of the unloaded carrier. At 20°C a turnover of about 1000 molecules per sec. has been calculated, which might be interpreted as the oscillations of the empty carrier.

Effect of N-ethylmaleimide on K transport in density-separated human red blood cells

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
pp. C7-C12 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Berkowitz ◽  
D. Walstad ◽  
E. P. Orringer
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Sheep Red Cells ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
High K ◽  
K Transport ◽  
Human Red Cells

N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) is a sulfhydryl-reacting agent known to stimulate chloride-dependent K transport in a variety of red cells. In high K sheep red cells, NEM-induced K movements are greater in magnitude in young cells compared with old cells. We hypothesized that human red cells might respond to NEM like high K sheep red cells. To test this idea, cells of various age were exposed to 0.5 mM NEM. We found that, after a 4-h incubation, young cells lost 50% of cell K, compared with 10% K loss in older cells. K loss in all fractions was inhibited by chloride replacement or furosemide.

scholarly journals Mobility of Human Red Blood Cells of Different Age Groups in an Electric Field

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. YAARI
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
A Current

Abstract Using citrated blood of eleven healthy donors the density distribution of red blood cells (D.D.C.) was determined and eight fractions from each sample separated. Separated red cells were resuspended in their own plasma and employed for the electric mobility measurements. The Ruhenstroth-Bauer Cytopherometer was used at a current of 5 ma. at 24 C. The range of migration of red cells was found to be 0.855 to 1.47 x 10-4cm.2v-1sec.-1. In separated fractions the older the cells the slower they migrated in the electric field.

scholarly journals Osmotic Hemolysis of Chemically Modified Red Blood Cells

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD F. BAKER ◽  
NAOMI R. GILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Membrane Repair ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Osmotic Hemolysis ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Single Membrane ◽  
Crown Formation

Abstract The mechanism of osmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells has been investigated after mild fixation in glutaraldehyde. A mass of precipitated hemoglobin (crown) is seen around a single membrane break which may be as large as 2µ in diameter. Ghosts with large holes are not seen and it is believed that membrane repair takes place. Hemoglobin extrusion by this mechanism takes place only around the rim of the red cell. Both old and young red cells exhibit crown formation, but old cells require longer fixation than do young cells. A correlation with previous work on mode of osmotic hemolysis of red cells is discussed.

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