scholarly journals The scaling and potential importance of cutaneous and branchial surfaces in respiratory gas exchange in young chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1990 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER J. ROMBOUGH ◽  
BRENDA M. MOROZ
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Gill Lamellae

Measurements were made of the surface areas of the yolk sac, the fins, the head and trunk, the gill filaments and the gill lamellae of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) weighing between 0.045 g (3.7 days posthatch) and 13.4g (180 days posthatch). Cutaneous surfaces initially accounted for the vast majority (approx. 96%) of the total area available for respiratory gas exchange. As fish grew, total branchial surface area expanded at a more rapid rate than cutaneous surface area and, thus, came to represent a progressively larger fraction of total surface area. The transition was relatively slow, however, and it was not until fish reached 2.5-4.0 g that branchial area exceeded cutaneous area. Although some individual surfaces (e.g. the gill lamellae) followed rather complex patterns of expansion, the overall increase in respiratory surface area with tissue mass could be described reasonably well using only two equations; one for the period prior to complete yolk absorption (<0.4 g) and one for the period following complete yolk absorption (>0.4 g). Mass exponents for total surface area (b = 0.85) and metabolic rate (b = 0.8-0.9) were not significantly different for the larger fish. In contrast, the mass exponent for total surface area (b = 0.39) was significantly less than that for metabolic rate (b ≈ 0.9-1.0) for fish weighing less than 0.4 g. Changes in the relative efficiencies of the various exchange surfaces during the course of larval development probably account for this discrepancy.

scholarly journals The scaling and potential importance of cutaneous and branchial surfaces in respiratory gas exchange in larval and juvenile walleye

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (18) ◽  
pp. 2459-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Rombough ◽  
B Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
Gill Area

Measurements were made of the surface areas (As) of the skin and gills of larval and juvenile walleye Stizostedion vitreum with a body mass (M) of between 2mg (1 day post hatch) and 2.3g (98 days post hatch). The skin, with a relative surface area (As/M) of approximately 8500mm2g-1, accounted for more than 99.9% of the total surface area (skin + gills) at 1 day post hatch. The relative area of the skin decreased as fish grew at an allometric rate of b-1=-0.32±0.01 (mean ± s.e.m., where b-1 is the specific-mass exponent in the allometric equation YxM-1=aMb-1, in which Y is surface area and a is a constant). The relative surface area of the gills (filaments + lamellae) increased in a hyperbolic fashion from very low levels (approximately 5mm2g-1) at 1 day post hatch to reach a maximum of approximately 1100mm2g-1 at a body mass of approximately 200mg. Thereafter, relative gill area declined at an allometric rate of b-1=-0.19±0.10 (mean ± s.e.m.). Gill area, because it declined at a slower relative rate, finally exceeded skin area at a body mass of approximately 700mg. The relative surface area of the skin and gills combined (total surface area) decreased at a more-or-less constant allometric rate of b-1=-0.21±0.01 (mean ± s.e.m.) throughout the experimental period. On the basis of the allometric rates of expansion, the structural capacity to supply oxygen (b-1=-0.19; total gill area, this study) and metabolic demand for oxygen (b-1~-0.13; mean literature value for routine and resting metabolism) appear to remain fairly closely matched in postlarval walleye (>300mg). The two parameters do not display the same degree of concordance during larval development. In larvae, total respiratory surface area declines on a mass-specific basis at roughly the same rate (b-1=-0.21) as gill area does in older fish but, unlike in older fish, metabolic demand for oxygen does not change (b-1~0.0). This results in a progressive decline in effective respiratory surface area (As/M.O2) but does not affect O2 uptake, probably because larvae are so small that surface area is not the limiting factor in gas exchange. Analysis of data from the literature suggests that surface area typically becomes limiting at a body mass of approximately 100mg. The major function of gills in smaller larvae (<100mg) appears to involve ionoregulation or related aspects of acid­base balance rather than respiratory gas exchange.

Effects of Salinity on Growth, Metabolism, and Ion Regulation in Juvenile Rainbow and Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2083-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
Ion Regulation

Rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry were acclimated to a range of salinities to test the hypothesis that the energy requirements for ion regulation would be minimal at an isotonic water salinity (8–10 ppt). Survival, growth, metabolic rate, plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and seawater adaptability were measured for 5–12 wk, depending on the species. Growth of all three species was highest in fresh water and declined with increasing salinity. Metabolic rates increased with salinity and were inversely correlated with growth rates. Isotonic salinity, therefore, did not offer significant metabolic or growth advantages to rainbow, steelhead, and chinook fry. While plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations varied among groups, chinook fry tended to better maintain ionic homeostasis at higher salinities than the trout. Acclimation to the various dilute salinities did not influence the seawater adaptability of juvenile steelhead trout or chinook salmon. Our results indicate that optimal salinities for growth and metabolic rates were influenced by species and life history stage. The metabolic rate data suggested that the energetic cost of ionic regulation increased with salinity, but attempts to quantify this cost were probably affected by other metabolic processes which responded to changes in salinity.

On Factors Influencing the Gas-Exchange in Fish

1946 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Punt ◽  
J. Jongbloed
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Area Law

AbstractI. Using a new method in which fishes were kept in their natural circumstances the metabolic rate of these was established by means of the diaferometer-technique. 2. The relation between the size of fish and the rate of gas-exchange per unit of body weight could be affirmed. The surface-area-law is discussed. 3. The influence of temperature is studied; the Q, 10 has probably a maximum value at optimum temperature. 4. The influence of CO2- and O2-pressure is discussed. Most fishes did not react at i oo % O2; at lower pressures a higher metabolic rate may be found, due to increased fidget of the animals. 5. Salt concentration probably is more important than pH of the water as to metabolic rate of fishes. 6. No results were obtained as to the influence of thyroxin and progesteron, added to the water, on the metabolism of Rhodeus amarus L.

Effects of Temperature on Utilization of Yolk by Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Eggs and Alevins

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Yolk Utilization ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Growth, development and survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during the yolk absorption period (fertilization to complete yolk absorption) were examined at 6, 8, 10, and 12 °C. Higher rearing temperatures reduced both the duration of the yolk absorption period and the overall amount of energy available for tissue growth during that period. Salmon encountered a metabolic energy deficit before yolk reserves were exhausted; tissues were resorbed during absorption of the last 10 mg (dry weight) of yolk. Salmon held above 10 °C experienced reduced survival, hatched and emerged precociously, and were smaller at hatching, at emergence, at maximum tissue weight and at complete yolk absorption than fish at lower temperatures.Key words: temperature, yolk utilization, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fish eggs, alevins

Growth and salinity tolerance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from two introduced New Zealand populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2219-2226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Kinnison ◽  
Martin J Unwin ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Size Growth

Self-sustaining populations of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were established in New Zealand, from a common introduction group, near the turn of the 20th century. To investigate possible population divergence over this relatively short time scale we compared size, growth, and hypersalinity tolerance of families from two populations over their first year of rearing under shared conditions. Differences in initial fry mass were consistent with egg-size differences, but there was also evidence of genetic differences in early growth rates. Size differences between the populations decreased over time and rank correlations of mean family mass with initial egg and fry masses degraded over increasing intervals to nearly zero by the end of the year. Population effects on hypersalinity tolerance were not apparent after 4, 6, or 10 months of rearing (from yolk absorption), but family effects were suggested by ANOVAs and by the existence of groups of families with seemingly different relative seasonal optima for tolerance. Thus far, investigation of juvenile traits under common environmental conditions has shown less genetic divergence between the two New Zealand populations than is suggested by the range of differences found for phenotypic traits measured on wild adults in previous investigations.

Systematic hexamitid (Protozoa: Diplomonadida) Infection in seawater pen-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Kent ◽  
J Ellis ◽  
JW Fournie ◽  
SC Dawe ◽  
JW Bagshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha

Respiratory Gas Exchange and Growth of Bonin Petrel Embryos

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted N. Pettit ◽  
Gilbert S. Grant ◽  
G. Causey Whittow ◽  
Hermann Rahn ◽  
Charles V. Paganelli
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange

scholarly journals Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Aha ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel ◽  
John R. Durand
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractLoss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

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