Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel: Adoption and Use in Rural India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Francisco Gould ◽  
Johannes Urpelainen
Keyword(s):  
Rural India ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cooking Fuel

Household Cooking Fuel Patterns in Rural India: Pre- and Post-Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-526
Author(s):  
Rahul Ranjan ◽  
Sudershan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
The Government ◽  
Consumption Demand ◽  
Central Scheme

This article analyses the performance and limitations of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), a central scheme launched in the year 2016 for the provision of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to Below Poverty Line households in the country. It shows that the scheme offered more than 80 million LPG connections and contributed to a sharp replacement of traditional fuel (firewood, kerosene, dung cake, etc.) between the years 2014 and 2018. However, a large share of these new consumers appears to have stopped LPG consumption soon after the distribution under the scheme. This is clearly evident in the huge number of inactive LPG connections which continue to increase—from 35.8 million inactive connections in the country in 2017 to 43.2 million in 2019. Though PMUY contributed to the increase in LPG connections, it failed to accelerate its consumption demand among the beneficiaries. Nearly ₹128 billion has been spent by the government in form of subsidies and around 70% of the PMUY beneficiaries have availed loans from Oil Manufacturing Companies (OMCs). If the LPG consumption fails to accelerate, these one-time subsidies provided by the government will fail to achieve the objective and the loans disbursed by the OMCs may turn into non-performing assets.

scholarly journals Decomposing the Gaps in Access to LPG across Socio-Religious Groups in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Sudershan Singh ◽  
Rahul Ranjan ◽  
Oliver Nelson Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Determining Factors

This article investigates the patterns of household cooking fuel choice and its determining factors for various socio-religious groups in rural India using NSS 68th Consumption Expenditure round. The article also studies how the inter-household gaps result in many levels of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) access for households belonging to various socio-religious groups. In this regard, the application of a logistic model for the considered socio-religious groups highlights the importance of income and the education level of different members of the households. Further, the differences in the probability of access to LPG among various socio-religious groups, with respect to upper caste Hindus, are decomposed using Fairlie decomposition method. The gap in income determines a major proportion of the gap, followed by the education level of the members. We also find that the Scheduled Tribes (STs) face the problem of availability of LPG, while other socio-religious groups, when compared to upper caste Hindus, either face affordability issues or possess a taste for traditional fuel.

scholarly journals Assessing the Respiratory Effects of Air Pollution from Biomass Cookstoves on Pregnant Women in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Raj Parikh ◽  
Sowmya R. Rao ◽  
Rakesh Kukde ◽  
George T. O'Connor ◽  
Archana Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Central India ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Rural India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Respiratory Effects

Background: In India, biomass fuel is burned in many homes under inefficient conditions, leading to a complex milieu of particulate matter and environmental toxins known as household air pollution (HAP). Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable as they and their fetus may suffer from adverse consequences of HAP. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a noninvasive, underutilized tool that can serve as a surrogate for airway inflammation. We evaluated the prevalence of respiratory illness, using pulmonary questionnaires and FeNO measurements, among pregnant women in rural India who utilize biomass fuel as a source of energy within their home. Methods: We prospectively studied 60 pregnant women in their 1st and 2nd trimester residing in villages near Nagpur, Central India. We measured FeNO levels in parts per billion (ppb), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) scores, and the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale. We evaluated the difference in the outcome distributions between women using biomass fuels and those using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using two-tailed t-tests. Results: Sixty-five subjects (32 in Biomass households; 28 in LPG households; 5 unable to complete) were enrolled in the study. Age, education level, and second-hand smoke exposure were comparable between both groups. FeNO levels were higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group (25.4 ppb vs. 8.6 ppb; p-value = 0.001). There was a difference in mean composite SGRQ-C score (27.1 Biomass vs. 10.8 LPG; p-value < 0.001) including three subtotal scores for Symptoms (47.0 Biomass vs. 20.2 LPG; p-value< 0.001), Activity (36.4 Biomass vs. 16.5 LPG; p-value < 0.001) and Impact (15.9 Biomass vs. 5.2 LPG; p-value < 0.001). The mMRC Dyspnea Scale was higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group as well (2.9 vs. 0.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased FeNO levels and higher dyspnea scores in biomass-fuel-exposed subjects confirm the adverse respiratory effects of this exposure during pregnancy. More so, FeNO may be a useful, noninvasive biomarker of inflammation that can help better understand the physiologic effects of biomass smoke on pregnant women. In the future, larger studies are needed to characterize the utility of FeNO in a population exposed to HAP.

scholarly journals LPG as a clean cooking fuel: Adoption, use, and impact in rural India

Energy Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 395-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos F. Gould ◽  
Johannes Urpelainen
Keyword(s):  
Rural India ◽  
Cooking Fuel

Effect of exposure to biomass smoke from cooking fuel types and eye disorders in women from hilly and plain regions of Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316766
Author(s):  
Matthew Patel ◽  
Mohan Krishna Shrestha ◽  
Anu Manandhar ◽  
Reeta Gurung ◽  
Steven Sadhra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
User Group ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biomass Smoke ◽  
Clean Fuel ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Impaired Vision ◽  
Ocular Symptoms

Background/AimTo study the association between exposure to biomass smoke from cooking fuels andi cataract, visual acuity and ocular symptoms in women.MethodsWe conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among women (≥20 years and without a previous diagnosis of cataract, ocular trauma or diabetes or those taking steroids) from hilly and plain regions of Nepal. Eligible participants received an interview and a comprehensive eye assessment (cataract development, visual acuity test and ocular symptoms). Participants’ data on demographics, cooking fuel type and duration of use, and cooking habits were collected. We addressed potential confounders using the propensity score and other risk factors for ocular diseases through regression analysis.ResultsOf 784 participants, 30.6% used clean fuel (liquefied petroleum gas, methane, electricity) as their primary current fuel, and the remaining 69.4% used biomass fuels. Thirty-nine per cent of the total participants had cataracts—about twofold higher in those who currently used biomass fuel compared with those who used clean fuel (OR=2.27; 95% CI 1.09 to 4.77) and over threefold higher in those who always used biomass. Similarly, the nuclear cataract was twofold higher in the current biomass user group compared with the clean fuel user group (OR=2.53; 95% CI 1.18–5.42) and over threefold higher among those who always used biomass. A higher proportion of women using biomass had impaired vision, reported more ocular symptoms compared with those using clean fuel. Severe impaired vision and blindness were only present in biomass fuel users. However, the differences were only statistically significant for symptoms such as redness, burning sensation, a complaint of pain in the eye and tear in the eyes.ConclusionsCataract was more prevalent in women using biomass for cooking compared with those using clean fuel.

scholarly journals MODELING THE DEMAND FOR HOUSEHOLD COOKING FUELS AND ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN A PERIURBAN AREA OF MADAGASCAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Ralibera Andriamifidy Gerard ◽  
Andrianaivoravelona Jaconnet Oliva ◽  
Rakotosaona Rijalalaina ◽  
Ramaroson Jean de Dieu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Cooking Fuels ◽  
End Use

This study is trying to look into the relationship between households' exploitation of ligneous resources for energy purposes and environmental problems, concerning a periurban area of Madagascar. The matter is threatening because households in developing countries will always depend on forest resources and environmental issues seem to be more and more complex. The main problems are associated with socio-economical, cultural, environmental, and technical factors, that is why it is complicated to find out the best way to manage the system. For this, two types of descriptive surveys including 60 questions were used to collect information and data on household behavior in terms of cooking fuel use and consumption. The population of the study consisted of 1,075 households and fuel retailers inside the studied area, also called The Municipality of Andranonahoatra. Then data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. After that, fuel consumption was modeled, using a linear multiple regression method to calculate the demand of each class of household and the pollutant gas emissions throughout the supply chain, i.e., production, transport, and end-use. For pollutant gases emitted by each fuel, the standards and literature results are used. The values obtained will be compared with the national and international emission levels. Findings of the study show significant positive relationships between socio-cultural and financial factors, and cooking fuel consumption, including fuelwood, charcoal, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). As a result, the elaborated models have estimated the average amount of fuel consumption in the Municipality at 117 kg/capita/year of charcoal, 23 kg/capita/year of fuelwood, and 0.6 kg/capita/year of LPG. Form there, in the environmental field, each inhabitant emits about, 0.8 t of CO2/capita/year, 9 kg of CH4/capita/year, 26 kg of Non-Methanic Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)/capita/year, 7 g of N2O/capita/year and 3.4 kg/capita/year of fine particles inhaled directly by the person preparing the meal. In other words, each person would prevent the sequestration of about 1.27 t of CO2/year. Using the Global Warming Potential, the emission is 1.1 tons CO2-equivalent/capita/year due to the use of cooking fuels. These models and assessments can help and incite governments and decision-makers to elaborate strategy aiming to protect the forest ecosystem while ensuring the energy supply of poor households in developing countries. KEYWORDS: cooking fuels, model, greenhouse gas, global warming potential.

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