Household Cooking Fuel Patterns in Rural India: Pre- and Post-Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-526
Author(s):  
Rahul Ranjan ◽  
Sudershan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
The Government ◽  
Consumption Demand ◽  
Central Scheme

This article analyses the performance and limitations of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), a central scheme launched in the year 2016 for the provision of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to Below Poverty Line households in the country. It shows that the scheme offered more than 80 million LPG connections and contributed to a sharp replacement of traditional fuel (firewood, kerosene, dung cake, etc.) between the years 2014 and 2018. However, a large share of these new consumers appears to have stopped LPG consumption soon after the distribution under the scheme. This is clearly evident in the huge number of inactive LPG connections which continue to increase—from 35.8 million inactive connections in the country in 2017 to 43.2 million in 2019. Though PMUY contributed to the increase in LPG connections, it failed to accelerate its consumption demand among the beneficiaries. Nearly ₹128 billion has been spent by the government in form of subsidies and around 70% of the PMUY beneficiaries have availed loans from Oil Manufacturing Companies (OMCs). If the LPG consumption fails to accelerate, these one-time subsidies provided by the government will fail to achieve the objective and the loans disbursed by the OMCs may turn into non-performing assets.

scholarly journals Decomposing the Gaps in Access to LPG across Socio-Religious Groups in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Sudershan Singh ◽  
Rahul Ranjan ◽  
Oliver Nelson Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Determining Factors

This article investigates the patterns of household cooking fuel choice and its determining factors for various socio-religious groups in rural India using NSS 68th Consumption Expenditure round. The article also studies how the inter-household gaps result in many levels of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) access for households belonging to various socio-religious groups. In this regard, the application of a logistic model for the considered socio-religious groups highlights the importance of income and the education level of different members of the households. Further, the differences in the probability of access to LPG among various socio-religious groups, with respect to upper caste Hindus, are decomposed using Fairlie decomposition method. The gap in income determines a major proportion of the gap, followed by the education level of the members. We also find that the Scheduled Tribes (STs) face the problem of availability of LPG, while other socio-religious groups, when compared to upper caste Hindus, either face affordability issues or possess a taste for traditional fuel.

Lighting up Lives Through Cooking Gas1

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Samir Kumar Barua ◽  
Sobhesh Kumar Agarwalla
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Clean Fuel ◽  
Simple Mechanism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Initial Target

The case recounts a significant attempt at social transformation through a simple mechanism of providing cooking gas to the marginalised in society. Targeting about 100 million households in India that still use dung cakes, firewood and coal as the primary fuel for cooking, the government conceived the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana1 (PMUY) to replace these traditional fuels with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a clean fuel. The government increased the initial target of providing 50 million below poverty line (BPL) families with LPG at the time of scheme launch on May 1, 2016, to 80 million by 2019–20. The scheme had already covered more than 30 million families by January 2018.

scholarly journals Abject Poverty and Multiple Deprivations in Rural India Based on SECC 2011 in Comparison with NSSO and NFHS: Summary Findings Analyzed

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Joseph Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Planning Commission ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Government

<em>This paper analyzes latest findings from the recently completed Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011(SECC2011), by focusing on rural abject poverty and multi-dimensionality of it by the pre-set seven deprivation parameters across rural India .As per schema of SECC2011 for analyzing the various facets of multi-dimensional poverty, firstly one set of households will be excluded on the basis of 13 automatic exclusion parameters, and subsequently another set of households will be automatically included on the basis of five parameters and finally the remaining set would be subjected to verifications by seven deprivations.  Thereby, the SECC 2011 had set in motion an effort to capture some specifics of multidimensional poverty as desired by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in the Government of India.  It is surmised here that the union of automatically included and deprived households will provide a base line of the number of poor through a multi-dimensional mode. The intersection of automatically included households with the seven deprivations variables will also identify the socio economic characteristics of the   abjectly poor. Besides presenting the above analysis of SECC data, an attempt is made to compare these findings with those based on the unidimensional National Sample Survey (NSSO) poverty ratios ( by S.Tendulker 2009, C Rangarajan 2012) and multi-dimensional (R. Radhakrishna et al 2010) NFHS data based studies.  A separate set of multi-dimensional poverty numbers were arrived at in the past  for three Five Year Plans (1992-97, 1997- 02, 2002-07) through the Below Poverty Line (BPL) Censuses that were under taken by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to identify the poor households through  the State/UT Governments. These later estimates of poor households were never permitted to exceed the official poverty ratio worked out by the Planning Commission for respective State/UT governments. The concepts used to arrive at these poor households will be briefly reviewed here as a prelude to explaining the modes operandi of identifying multi dimensional poverty via SECC 2011. A committee was set in up in February  2013 under the Chairmanship of Abhijit Sen , then Planning Commission Member, to examine the SECC indicators for data analysis, to recommend appropriate methodologies for determining classes of beneficiaries for different rural development programmes. Some of the recommendations of the committee would also be put to scrutiny. </em>

Penerapan Weighted Sum Model (WSM) Dalam Penentuan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Suginam Suginam ◽  
Surya Darma Nasution ◽  
Andsyah Putera Utama Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Community Health Insurance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting

Community Health Insurance is one of the government programs for the people of Indonesia in obtaining treatment services at Puskesmas. The program is very helpful for people who are low income and live below the poverty line. Indicators for the government in providing this service consists of 10 (ten) criteria that are House Ownership Status, Floor Area per Household Member, Type of Floor of House, Type of Wall House, Lighting House Used, Fuel Used, Frequency Of Eating In A Day, Ability Buy meat/chicken/milk in a week, Employment of head of household, Education of head of household. In the application, of course, has constraints in deciding who the participants who get the Jamkesmas service. With the application of one of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) able to overcome obstacles faced by government. Some methods of MCDM such as Simple Additive Weighting(SAW), Weighted Product(WP), Weighted Sum Model(WSM) can solve this problem. By applying the WSM is relatively easy and fast, is believed to be able to get the best results.

Empowerment of Rural Women through SHGs: A Study in Telangana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Help Group

The self-help group (SHG) is a powerful instrument to empower economically backward women of rural India as the women members under the SHG not only can earn income but they feel empowered also. With the launching of Swarnajaynti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India from April 1999, subsequently rechristened as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) self-help group approach (SHG) has been given utmost importance in India for the development of rural women mainly focusing on below poverty line households. SHG concept is popular in many rural areas of India as through economic development and subsequently empowering, rural women have got a solid platform. This research article has discussed the how rural women after forming SHGs in Ranga Reddy district (R.R. District) of Telangana were not only earning and contributing to the family but felt empowered also. The study was carried out at Gandipet village of Gandipet Mandal, Ranga Reddy (R.R.) district in September 2017. The some women members of 10 different SHGs were contacted and few individual cases are presented here.

scholarly journals Assessing the Respiratory Effects of Air Pollution from Biomass Cookstoves on Pregnant Women in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Raj Parikh ◽  
Sowmya R. Rao ◽  
Rakesh Kukde ◽  
George T. O'Connor ◽  
Archana Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Central India ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Rural India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Respiratory Effects

Background: In India, biomass fuel is burned in many homes under inefficient conditions, leading to a complex milieu of particulate matter and environmental toxins known as household air pollution (HAP). Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable as they and their fetus may suffer from adverse consequences of HAP. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a noninvasive, underutilized tool that can serve as a surrogate for airway inflammation. We evaluated the prevalence of respiratory illness, using pulmonary questionnaires and FeNO measurements, among pregnant women in rural India who utilize biomass fuel as a source of energy within their home. Methods: We prospectively studied 60 pregnant women in their 1st and 2nd trimester residing in villages near Nagpur, Central India. We measured FeNO levels in parts per billion (ppb), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) scores, and the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale. We evaluated the difference in the outcome distributions between women using biomass fuels and those using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using two-tailed t-tests. Results: Sixty-five subjects (32 in Biomass households; 28 in LPG households; 5 unable to complete) were enrolled in the study. Age, education level, and second-hand smoke exposure were comparable between both groups. FeNO levels were higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group (25.4 ppb vs. 8.6 ppb; p-value = 0.001). There was a difference in mean composite SGRQ-C score (27.1 Biomass vs. 10.8 LPG; p-value < 0.001) including three subtotal scores for Symptoms (47.0 Biomass vs. 20.2 LPG; p-value< 0.001), Activity (36.4 Biomass vs. 16.5 LPG; p-value < 0.001) and Impact (15.9 Biomass vs. 5.2 LPG; p-value < 0.001). The mMRC Dyspnea Scale was higher in the Biomass vs. LPG group as well (2.9 vs. 0.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased FeNO levels and higher dyspnea scores in biomass-fuel-exposed subjects confirm the adverse respiratory effects of this exposure during pregnancy. More so, FeNO may be a useful, noninvasive biomarker of inflammation that can help better understand the physiologic effects of biomass smoke on pregnant women. In the future, larger studies are needed to characterize the utility of FeNO in a population exposed to HAP.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH MICRO CREDIT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
T. Indumathi ◽  
G. Savaraiah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Credit

The World Bank's Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project supports the self helf groups of the women members. It promotes women's social, economic, legal and political empowerment to reduce poverty among the poor and the poorest of the poor. The important object of this article is to examine the impact of micronance on the socio economic empowerment of the rural women supported by the national reputed NGO- Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS). 184 women members of the SHGs promoted by Rasthriya Seva Samathi (RASS) an NGO which located in Tirupati town. 184 samples are selected randomly from 15 SHGs scattered throughout the Tirupati rural mandal (Taluk) from the area of the study have been considered to conduct the present research study. The study reveals that 87.71 percent of the sample women were below the poverty line before joining the SHGs. As a result of SHG, about 40 percent of the sample women crossed the poverty line. The highest intensive value indicates that more women have participated in social agitations for the welfare of the children and the society. The second highest intensity reveals that considerable numbers of women of SHGs have participated in the government sponsored schemes. The 1st point secured 3rd rank with total intensity value of 605 which status that the micro credit has resulted in increased social status and empowerment.

scholarly journals Women Entrepreneurship of Sylhet City, Bangladesh: Challenges & Opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Md. Julhas Miah ◽  
Md. Shahin Alam Khan ◽  
Omar Faruk Misto ◽  
Md. Rezaul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Work Force ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
The Government

The main purpose of this research is to find out the challenges and opportunities that most of the women specifically those who are entrepreneurs are facing these challenges in Sylhet area, Bangladesh. This report mainly depends on some documents and some practical observations. Women Entrepreneurship is a very essential turning point for the betterment of the women. Unlike the past, women today are no longer confined in the kitchen. They have raised their voice against conservative social outlook. Now women are entering into work force which is providing them a self-identity and right to participate in family decisional affairs. In Sylhet a huge number of women are also having various types of business organizations. The women those who are entrepreneurs of Sylhet, almost 35% are engaged in boutique businesses. There are some other businesses performed by them such as fashion house and cloth store, tailor, parlor, training center etc. Most of them have to maintain their family works despite having a business. But here they are not free from problems. The traditionalism of society, high interest rate of loan, lack of proper training facilities are the main barriers in the smoothness of business. Here every women entrepreneurs recommends that the Government should take necessary effective steps in (providing training, low rate of interest in taking loan etc.) this regard, as it is a very potential way to develop the country.

scholarly journals A Critical Analysis of Legal Aid in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Md. Nannu Mian ◽  
Md. Mamunur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Government

Legal aid is essentially a mechanism that enables the poor and the vulnerable sectors of the society to be able to enforce their legal rights in order to access a fair and equitable justice in the society. Nowadays, a legal aid can be justifiably said as a crying need to ensure social and legal justice in Bangladesh because most of the citizens are illiterate and they live below the poverty line which incidentally makes matters worse. Due to their financial crisis or lack of legal knowledge they are often precluded to access justice. In recognizing the legal aid as a right, the government has enacted some laws. However, unfortunately those laws are full of weaknesses, loopholes, and procedural complexities which have to be judiciously addressed in the proper legal perspectives. As a matter of fact, legally speaking, much has been said and done, but ironically not much has been practiced. Due to these ever unsettling defects, the ultimate objectives of those laws have frequently failed to ensure enjoyment of the legal aid services among the vulnerable sectors of the society. In this research, an attempt has been made to analyze and find out numerous legal the gaps, loopholes and complexities of the existing laws relating to legal aid services in Bangladesh and frame out a comprehensive solution for ensuring the aid program by adopting the qualitative and the analytical research methods.

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