scholarly journals Altered acylated ghrelin response to food intake in congenital generalized lipodystrophy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244667
Author(s):  
Camilla O. D. Araújo ◽  
Renan M. Montenegro ◽  
Amanda P. Pedroso ◽  
Virgínia O. Fernandes ◽  
Ana Paula D. R. Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Low Levels

Background Patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) have very low levels of leptin and are described as having a voracious appetite. However, a direct comparison between CGL and eutrophic individuals is lacking, regarding both appetite parameters and acylated ghrelin, the hormone form that is active in acute food intake stimulation. The objective of the present study was to address whether and in what extent the subjective appetite parameters and acylated ghrelin response to a meal are affected in CGL individuals, in comparison to eutrophic individuals. Additionally, an obese group was included in the study, to allow the comparison between a leptin-resistant and a leptin-deficient condition on these aspects. Methods Eutrophic controls (EUT, n = 10), obese subjects (OB, n = 10) and CGL (n = 11) were fasted overnight and then received an ad libitum meal. Blood was collected and the visual analogue scale was applied before and 90 minutes after the meal. An additional blood sample was collected at 60 minutes for ghrelin determination. Results The CGL patients showed low fasting levels of leptin and adiponectin, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The caloric intake was similar among the 3 groups. However, both CGL (p = 0.02) and OB (p = 0.04) had shorter satiation times than EUT. The CGL patients also had lower satiety time (p = 0.01) and their sensation of hunger was less attenuated by the meal (p = 0.03). Fasting acylated ghrelin levels were lower in CGL than in EUT (p = 0.003). After the meal, the levels tended to decrease in EUT but not in CGL and OB individuals. Conclusion The data indicate that, although not hyperphagic, the CGL patients present appetite disturbances in relation to eutrophic individuals. Their low fasting levels of acylated ghrelin and the absence of the physiological drop after meal intake suggest a role of these disturbances in hunger attenuation and satiety but not in acute satiation.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Total Food Intake at a Personalised Buffet in People with Obesity, before and 24 Months after Roux-en-Y-Gastric Bypass Surgery

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3873
Author(s):  
Natasha Kapoor ◽  
Werd al Najim ◽  
Camilo Menezes ◽  
Ruth K Price ◽  
Colm O’Boyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Operative Assessment

Long-term reductions in the quantity of food consumed, and a shift in intake away from energy dense foods have both been implicated in the potent bariatric effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We hypothesised that relative to pre-operative assessment, a stereotypical shift to lower intake would be observed at a personalised ad libitum buffet meal 24 months after RYGB, driven in part by decreased selection of high energy density items. At pre-operative baseline, participants (n = 14) rated their preference for 72 individual food items, each of these mapping to one of six categories encompassing high and low-fat choices in combination with sugar, complex carbohydrate or and protein. An 18-item buffet meal was created for each participant based on expressed preferences. Overall energy intake was reduced on average by 60% at the 24-month buffet meal. Reductions in intake were seen across all six food categories. Decreases in the overall intake of all individual macronutrient groups were marked and were generally proportional to reductions in total caloric intake. Patterns of preference and intake, both at baseline and at follow-up appear more idiosyncratic than has been previously suggested by verbal reporting. The data emphasise the consistency with which reductions in ad libitum food intake occur as a sequel of RYGB, this being maintained in the setting of a self-selected ad libitum buffet meal. Exploratory analysis of the data also supports prior reports of a possible relative increase in the proportional intake of protein after RYGB.

Suppression of food intake by intravenous nutrients and insulin in the baboon

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. R393-R401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Woods ◽  
L. J. Stein ◽  
L. D. McKay ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Daily Caloric Intake ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Regulate Food Intake

Intravenous nutrients were infused at 25 and 50% of total base-line daily caloric intake to determine the role of circulating factors on spontaneous food ingestion in young adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Glucose infusion suppressed food intake (15.1%) when 25% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 41.8% when 50% of total calories was infused (P less than 0.05) for 14-21 days. Both infusions produced basal hyperglycemia (82-172 mg/dl during 25% glucose and 120-239 mg/dl during 50% glucose). Both infusions also caused an increase in circulating insulin (48.1-63.1 microU/ml during 25% glucose and 68.5-77.2 microU/ml during 50% glucose). The simultaneous infusion of exogenous insulin (0.33 mU X kg-1 X min-1) prevented hyperglycemia (85.8-87.9 mg/dl during 25% glucose) but maintained raised basal peripheral insulin levels (52.4-84.4 microU/ml). The 13% suppression of food intake (P less than 0.05) was similar to glucose infusion alone. Comparable infusions of Intralipid as 25 and 50% of total daily calories also suppressed spontaneous food intake but did not produce hyperglycemia or elevated insulin levels. The magnitude of suppression was similar to that of glucose: 16% when 25% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05) and 31.3% when 50% of basal calories was infused (P less than 0.05). However, the pattern was different with a more rapid effect, which tended to diminish in time, rather than the slow effect found with glucose, which was maintained for 14 days. We conclude that circulating nutrients can regulate food intake independent of gastrointestinal absorption in primates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

P0919CALORIC RESTRICTION DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Ríos-Varo ◽  
Ángela Vidal ◽  
Ana Isabel Raya ◽  
Carmen Pineda ◽  
Ignacio López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background and Aims Vascular calcification (VC) is an important contributor to the high rate of cardiovascular mortality associated to chronic kidney disease. The inability to eliminate phosphorus (P) and the subsequent P retention promotes CV. P metabolism and uremic VC are influenced by obesity and by the caloric content of the diet. Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to have multiple beneficial effects on health, for example, CR has been reported to improve vascular health and retard vascular ageing. However, to our knowledge the effect of CR on the development of uremic VC has not been explored. We hypothesize that CR may be beneficial to prevent the development of uremic VCs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine if rats subjected to CR were protected against VC. Method 48 Wistar rats were divided in four groups. The control diet provided Metabolizable Energy = 3.528 kcal/g and contained 0.6% Calcium (Ca) and 0.6% P. Additional diets of identical composition to the control diet but containing varying levels of Ca and P: 0.9% Ca, 0.9% P; 0.6% Ca, 1.2% P; and 0.9% Ca, 1.8% P, were also used in the experiments. Rats in Group 1 and 3 were fed 15 g/day of the control diet. Rats in Group 2 and 4 were calorie restricted and fed 10 g/day of diet with Ca/P = 0.9%/0.9%. Thus the daily P intake should be identical in the four groups. Uremia was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). After Nx rats in Group 1 and 2 were fed ad libitum a diet with 0.6% Ca and 1.2% P. While rats in Group 3 and 4 were fed ad libitum a diet with 0.9% Ca and 1.8% P. Rats were supplemented with calcitriol. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples and tissue samples (thoracic and abdominal aortas). After blood collection, plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at –20° C until assayed. Plasma creatinine, Ca and P were measured by spectrophotometry. Energy intake was calculated based on food intake. VC was studied by histology and by measuring the tissue Ca content. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE), the difference between groups was assessed by ANOVA. Fisher LSD test was used as a post-hoc procedure. p<0.05 was considered significant. Results Before Nx, caloric intake was significantly lower in calorie restricted rats (35.4 ± 0.1 and 35.8 ± 0.1 kcal/day) than in rats eating normal calories (52.7 ± 0.1 and 52.8 ± 0.2 kcal/day); however, P intake was almost identical in the four groups and ranged between 89.8 and 91.6 mg/day. After Nx, rats in all groups reduced food intake and, consequently, caloric intake. Thus, although the P content of the diet was increased after Nx, daily P intake was not increased in Groups 1 and 2; however, P intake was significantly increased in Groups 3 and 4 (120.9 ± 4.6 and 122.2 ± 6.2 mg/day, respectively). In all groups, rats had high plasma concentrations of creatinine and P, and low plasma concentrations of Ca. Also, all rats had elevated Ca content in the aorta. No significant differences between the study groups were found in any of these parameters (Table 1). Von Kossa staining of the aortas showed abundant mineral deposition in the four groups. Conclusion This study shows that, contrary to what was expected, CR did not prevent or ameliorate uremic calcifications.

Effects of Oatmeal and Corn Flakes Cereal Breakfasts on Satiety, Gastric Emptying, Glucose, and Appetite-Related Hormones

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Geliebter ◽  
Charlotte L. Grillot ◽  
Roni Aviram-Friedman ◽  
Sakeena Haq ◽  
Eric Yahav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Corn Flakes ◽  
Overweight Subjects ◽  
Fiber Cereal

Objective: The extent to which different types of breakfasts affect appetite and food intake is unclear. To assess the satiety effects of a high-fiber cereal, we compared oatmeal, isocaloric corn flakes, and water. Subjects/Methods: Thirty-six subjects (18 lean, 18 overweight) were assigned to three conditions in a randomized sequence on different days. Ratings of hunger and fullness were obtained concurrently with blood samples for measuring concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and acetaminophen (gastric emptying tracer). Appetite was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for fullness and hunger, and by measuring food intake of an ad libitum lunch meal at 180 min. Results: Lunch meal intake was lowest after consuming oatmeal (p < 0.00001), which was lower for overweight subjects than lean subjects (p = 0.007). Fullness AUC was greatest (p = 0.00001), and hunger AUC lowest (p < 0.001) after consuming oatmeal. At 180 min, blood glucose was lowest after the corn flakes (p = 0.0001). Insulin AUC was greater for both cereals than water (p < 0.00001). Leptin AUC and glucagon AUC values did not differ between conditions. Acetaminophen concentrations peaked latest after consuming oatmeal (p = 0.046), reflecting slower gastric emptying. Conclusions: Satiety was greater and ad libitum test meal intake lower after consuming oatmeal than after corn flakes, especially in the overweight subjects.

scholarly journals Oxytocinergic cells of the posterior hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus participate in the food entrained clock

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Caba ◽  
Enrique Meza ◽  
Carolina Escobar ◽  
Angeles Jiménez ◽  
Mario Daniel Caba-Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Peripheral Oscillators ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Oxytocinergic Cells

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying food anticipatory activity are still poorly understood. Here we explored the role of oxytocin (OT) and the protein c-Fos in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), medial (PVNm) and posterior (PVNp) regions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Adult rats were assigned to one of four groups: scheduled restricted feeding (RF), ad libitum (AL), fasting after restricted feeding (RF-F), to explore the possible persistence of oscillations, or ad libitum fasted (AL-F). In the SON and in the PVNm, OT cells were c-Fos positive after food intake; in contrast, OT cells in the PVNp showed c-Fos activation in anticipation to food access, which persisted in RF-F subjects. We conclude that OT and non-OT cells of the SON and PVNm may play a role as recipients of the entraining signal provided by food intake, whereas those of the PVNp which contain motor preautonomic cells that project to peripheral organs, may be involved in the hormonal and metabolic anticipatory changes in preparation for food presentation and thus, may be part of a link between central and peripheral oscillators. In addition, due to their persistent activation they may participate in the neuronal network for the clock mechanism that leads to food entrainment.

scholarly journals Oxytocinergic Cells of the Posterior Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Participate in the Food Entrained Clock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Caba ◽  
Enrique Meza ◽  
Carolina Escobar ◽  
Angeles Jiménez ◽  
Mario Daniel Caba-Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Peripheral Oscillators ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Oxytocinergic Cells

Abstract The mechanisms underlying food anticipatory activity is still not well understood. Here we explored the role of oxytocin (OT) and the protein c-Fos in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and in the medial (PVNm) and posterior (PVNp) regions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Adult rats were assigned to one of four groups: scheduled restricted feeding (RF), Ad libitum (AL), fasting after restricted feeding (RF-F), to explore the possible persistence of oscillations, or Ad libitum fasted (AL-F). In the SON and in the PVNm, OT cells were c-Fos positive after food intake; contrasting, OT cells in the PVNp showed c-Fos activation in anticipation to food access, which persisted in RF-F subjects. We conclude that OT cells of the SON and PVNm may play a role as recipients of the entraining signal provided by food intake, whereas those of the PVNp which contain motor preautonomic cells that project to peripheral organs, may be involved in the hormonal and metabolic anticipatory changes in preparation for food presentation and thus, may be part of a link between central and peripheral oscillators. In addition, due to their persistent activation they may participate in the neuronal network for the clock mechanism that leads to food entrainment.

scholarly journals Triglyceride is Significantly Increased in Remnant Lipoproteins After Food Intake and its Association with Lipoprotein Lipase in the Plasma

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Nakajima ◽  
Yoshiharu Tokita ◽  
Akira Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Remnant Lipoproteins ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Definitive Role

This article introduces the characteristics of postprandial Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants (remnant lipoproteins; RLP) in plasma which significantly increased after fat load as a major component of increased Triglycerides (TG) and involved in obesity and insulin resistance. It has been long believed that postprandial RLP, mainly Chylomicron (CM) remnants, increases as the result of disturbed lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity caused by insulin resistance, etc. However, based on this report, we recently proposed that elevated postprandial VLDL remnants produced by food intake, such as excessive fat and fructose, cause obesity and insulin resistance when exposed continuously [1]. VLDL remnants, but not CM remnants, is the key word of this article and VLDL remnants play a definitive role as a “bridge” between food intake and its metabolism. Here, we have explained the bridging role of VLDL remnants between the habit of food intake and its metabolism in body. Following 6 aspects between fat-rich meal intake and the increase of plasma postprandial TG and RLP are explained. (1) Why TG and RLP increase after food intake? (2) Which lipoproteins increase most after food intake? (3) What percentage of increased TG after food is comprised of RLP-TG? (4) How the increased TG is metabolized by LPL? (5) The increase of postprandial RLP is the result of obesity and insulin resistance or cause of obesity and insulin resistance? (6)Why postprandial TG is a risk of cardiovascular diseases?

Role of hormones in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase adaptation of rat liver

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Tepperman ◽  
Jay Tepperman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Rule Out

The hepatic enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase increase markedly in activity on refeeding after a 48-hr fast in the intact rat, but fail to do so in the hypophysectomized animal. Treatment with somatotrophin, cortisone, and thyroid hormone individually and in pairs failed to restore this adaptation to refeeding, but a combination of the three repaired the defect. Similar observations were made on increases in these enzymes in response to fructose feeding in ad libitum-fed hypophysectomized rats. Triple hormone-treated animals in which the enzyme increase in response to fructose feeding was restored were the only ones which gained weight. To rule out possible effects of variations in food intake as a determining factor in the response, hypophysectomized rats fed measured amounts of a starch-fructose diet by stomach tube were compared with suitable controls. A striking increase in enzyme activity occurred in these animals even when no hormone treatment was given, and no additional increase could be induced by treating with the three hormones. It is concluded that the liver cell of the hypophysectomized rat has an autonomous capacity to modify its enzyme profile selectively without the direction or support of hormones of pituitary origin. These hormones may exert their effects in ad libitum-fed animals by influencing food intake and intestinal hexose absorption rates.

LPS induces rapid increase in GDF15 levels in mice, rats and humans but is not required for anorexia in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Patel ◽  
Henriette Frikke-Schmidt ◽  
Olivier Bezy ◽  
Paul V Sabatini ◽  
Nikolaj Rittig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Housing Temperature ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Physiologic Responses ◽  
Lps Treatment ◽  
Tgfβ Superfamily

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a TGFβ superfamily cytokine, acts through its receptor, GDNF-family receptor α-like (GFRAL), to suppress food intake and promote nausea. GDF15 is broadly expressed at low levels but increases in states of disease such as cancer, cachexia, and sepsis. Whether GDF15 is necessary for inducing sepsis associated anorexia and body weight loss is currently unclear. To test this we used a model of moderate systemic infection in GDF15KO and GFRALKO mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to define the role of GDF15 signaling in infection-mediated physiologic responses. Since physiologic responses to LPS depend on housing temperature, we tested the effects of subthermoneutral and thermoneutral conditions on eliciting anorexia and inducing GDF15. Our data demonstrate a conserved LPS-mediated increase in circulating GDF15 levels in mouse, rat and human. However, we did not detect differences in LPS induced anorexia between WT and GDF15KO or GFRALKO mice. Further, there were no differences in anorexia or circulating GDF15 levels at either thermoneutral or subthermoneutral housing conditions in LPS treated mice. These data demonstrate that GDF15 is not necessary to drive food intake suppression in response to moderate doses of LPS.

Effects of caloric restriction on cell proliferation in several tissues in mice: role of intermittent feeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. E965-E972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine A. Hsieh ◽  
Christine M. Chai ◽  
Marc K. Hellerstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Intermittent Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Time Course Study

Reduced cell proliferation may mediate anticarcinogenic effects of caloric restriction (CR). Using heavy water (2H2O) labeling, we investigated the cell proliferation response to CR in detail, including time course, effect of refeeding, and role of intermittent feeding with 5% CR. In the time-course study, 8-wk-old female C57BL/6J mice were placed on a 33% CR regimen (fed 3 times/wk) for varying durations. Compared with responses in controls fed ad libitum (AL), proliferation rates of keratinocytes, mammary epithelial cells, and T cells were markedly reduced within 2 wk of CR. In mice fed 95% ad libitum (C95, fed 3 times/wk), cell proliferation was also reduced in all tissues so that differences from 33% CR were only significant at 1 mo. In the refeeding study, mice were refed a C95 diet for varying durations after 1 mo of 33% CR. Cell proliferation rebounded to a suprabasal rate in all tissues after 2 wk of refeeding and then normalized after 2 mo, although the C95 group again exhibited lower cell proliferation than the AL group. The role of intermittent feeding was studied by comparing 33% CR and C95 animals (both fed intermittently) with animals fed isocalorically either daily or continuously by pellet dispenser. Intermittent feeding had no additive effect on 33% CR but reduced cell proliferation in all tissues at the 95% caloric intake level. In summary, the CR effect on cell proliferation is potent, rapid, and reversible in several tissues, and an intermittent feeding pattern reproduces much of the effect in the absence of substantial CR.

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