scholarly journals Planning for work: Exploring the relationship between contraceptive use and women’s sector-specific employment in India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248391
Author(s):  
Lotus McDougal ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
Kaushalendra Kumar ◽  
Nabamallika Dehingia ◽  
Aluisio J. D. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Current Employment Status ◽  
The Relationship

While the health-related benefits of contraceptive use for women are well documented, potential social benefits, including enabling women’s employment, have not been well researched. We examine the relationship between contraceptive use and women’s employment in India, a country where both factors have remained relatively static over the past ten years. We use data from India’s 2015–16 National Family Health Survey to test the association between current contraceptive use (none, sterilization, IUD, condom, pill, rhythm method or withdrawal) and current employment status (none, professional, clerical or sales, agricultural, services or production) with multivariable, multinomial regression; variable selection was guided by a directed acyclic graph. More than three-quarters of women in this sample were currently using contraception; sterilization was most common. Women who were sterilized or chose traditional contraception, relative to those not using contraception, were more likely to be employed in the agricultural and production sectors, versus not being employed (sterilization adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 1.5, p<0.001 for both agricultural and production sectors; rhythm aRRR = 1.5, p = 0.01 for agriculture; withdrawal aRRR = 1.5, p = 0.02 for production). In contrast, women with IUDs, compared to those who not using contraception, were more likely to be employed in the professional sector versus not being employed (aRRR = 1.9, p = 0.01). The associations between current contraceptive use and employment were heterogeneous across methods and sectors, though in no case was contraceptive use significantly associated with lower relative probabilities of employment. Policies designed to support women’s access to contraception should consider the sector-specific employment of the populations they target.

‘No time for health:’ exploring couples’ health promotion in Indian slums

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani Mathur Gaiha ◽  
Katja Gillander Gådin
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Health Related

Summary Joint involvement of couples is an effective strategy to increase contraceptive use and improve reproductive health of women. However, engaging couples to understand how their gender attitudes affect their personal and family health is an idea in search of practice. This mixed-methods study explores opportunities and barriers to couples' participation in health promotion in three slums of Delhi. For each couple, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with husbands and wives individually to contrast self and spousal work, time, interest in health, sources of information related to health and depth of knowledge (n = 62). Urban poverty forces men to work long hours and women to enter part-time work in the informal sector. Paid work induces lack of availability at home, lack of interest in health information and in performing household chores and a self-perception of being healthy among men. These factors inhibit men's' participation in community-based health promotion activities. Women's unpaid work in the household remains unnoticed. Women were expected to be interested in and to make time to attend community-based health-related activities. Men recalled significantly less sources of health information than their spouse. Men and their wives showed similar depth of health-related knowledge, likely due to their spousal communication, with women acting as gatekeepers. Health promotion planners must recognize time constraints, reliance on informal interpersonal communication as a source of health information and the need to portray positive masculinities that address asymmetric gender relations. Innovative, continuous and collaborative approaches may support couples to proactively care about health in low-resource settings.

Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives’ Economic Dependency in Different Contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Mandel ◽  
Amit Lazarus ◽  
Maayan Shaby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives’ relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women’s employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of ‘doing gender’, wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women’s employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory.

De-industrialization and re-industrialization: women's employment and the changing character of Colchester, 1700–1850

Urban History ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
Push Factor

The relationship between changes in the local economy of the town and region of Colchester are explored in relation to women's employment opportunities. Economic decline and technological change in the woollen industry, as well as diminishing agricultural work for females, provided a ‘push’ factor for women to move to Colchester. In the town, urban rejuvenation meant expansion in the service sector. Yet Colchester was unable to absorb all the labouring women who moved there. Employers introduced new types of industry, characteristically by expanding from retailing to manufacture. The sweated trades produced silk, shoes and ready-made clothes. A process of re-industrialization was, then, engendered by the availability of cheap female labour.

scholarly journals Temporal stability of multitrigger and episodic viral wheeze in early childhood

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1700014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben D. Spycher ◽  
Cara Cochrane ◽  
Raquel Granell ◽  
Jonathan A.C. Sterne ◽  
Michael Silverman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study

The distinction between episodic viral wheeze (EVW) and multitrigger wheeze (MTW) is used to guide management of preschool wheeze. It has been questioned whether these phenotypes are stable over time. We examined the temporal stability of MTW and EVW in two large population-based cohorts.We classified children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n=10 970) and the Leicester Respiratory Cohorts ((LRCs), n=3263) into EVW, MTW and no wheeze at ages 2, 4 and 6 years based on parent-reported symptoms. Using multinomial regression, we estimated relative risk ratios for EVW and MTW at follow-up (no wheeze as reference category) with and without adjusting for wheeze severity.Although large proportions of children with EVW and MTW became asymptomatic, those that continued to wheeze showed a tendency to remain in the same phenotype: among children with MTW at 4 years in the LRCs, the adjusted relative risk ratio was 15.6 (95% CI 8.3–29.2) for MTW (stable phenotype) compared to 7.0 (95% CI 2.6–18.9) for EVW (phenotype switching) at 6 years. The tendency to persist was weaker for EVW and from 2–4 years. Results were similar across cohorts.This suggests that MTW, and to a lesser extent EVW, tend to persist regardless of wheeze severity.

scholarly journals Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-134
Author(s):  
Bandana Kumari Jain
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.

scholarly journals Religiosity and Muslim Women’s Employment in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311772996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Abdelhadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
American Muslim ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

Does Muslim women’s religiosity deter them from paid work outside the home? I extend this question to Muslims in the United States, where the Muslim community is both ethnically and socioeconomically diverse and where this question has not yet been answered. I pool data from the 2007 and 2011 Pew Research Center surveys of American Muslims, the only large, nationally representative samples of Muslims in the United States, and use logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between religiosity and Muslim women’s employment. I find that mosque attendance is positively associated with employment, whereas other measures of religiosity have no significant effect. Education, ethnicity, and childbearing, on the other hand, are strong, consistent predictors of Muslim women’s employment. These findings suggest that practicing Islam, in itself, does not deter American Muslim women’s engagement in paid work.

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