scholarly journals Gender-sensitive school environment and bullying victimization among adolescent girls: A multilevel study in Nepal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253128
Author(s):  
Irina Bergenfeld ◽  
Cari Jo Clark ◽  
Zara Khan ◽  
Emma C. Jackson ◽  
Kathryn M. Yount
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
School Level ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Relational Bullying ◽  
The Relationship

Background Bullying is an understudied global social problem. While school-level factors are a recognized influence on bullying victimization, the elements of a ‘girl-friendly’ school that may reduce the risk of bullying victimization among girls and prevent dropout is understudied in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study used baseline data from the evaluation of the Room-to-Read (RtR) Girls’ Education Program (GEP) in Nepal to assess the relationship of a conceptually grounded gender-equitable school (GES) index with girls’ risk of direct and relational bullying victimization, adjusted for potential confounders at the individual and school levels. Methods The school sample included all 24 RtR GEP schools and 25 community schools attended by girls in a comparison cohort, representing 729 grade six girls with complete outcome data. We employed multilevel negative binomial regression to assess the relationship between the GES score (higher scores indicate greater support for girls), and girls’ risk of peer victimization, controlling for individual- and school-level covariates. Results On average, girls reported 2.84 direct victimizations and 0.27 relational victimizations in the prior week. The first component of the GES index, a generalized measure of school-level support for girls, showed a significant negative relationship with weekly relational bullying victimization in models with all school- and individual-level covariates. In the full model, a one-point higher score on the generalized GES component accounted for a 26% lower risk of relational bullying victimization in the prior week. Conclusion School-level policies, practices, and pedagogy designed to support girls may reduce their exposure to relational aggression, a form of bullying that girls most often perpetrate. In LMICs, the school may be an ideal place to raise awareness about the types and effects of peer bullying and to promote prosocial bystander behavior. Further research is needed to identify factors related to other forms of bullying.

scholarly journals Public or Private Religiosity: Which Is Protective for Adolescent Substance Use and by What Pathways?

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Salas-Wright ◽  
Michael G. Vaughn ◽  
Brandy R. Maynard ◽  
Trenette T. Clark ◽  
Susanna Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Adolescent Substance Use ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Private Religiosity

While it is well understood that adolescent religiosity is associated with the use and abuse of licit and illicit substances, few studies have revealed the pathways through which religiosity buffers youth against involvement in such behavior. The aim of this study is to examine the complexity of the relationships between religiosity, sensation seeking, injunctive norms, and adolescent substance use. Using a national sample of adolescents ( N = 18,614), negative binomial regression and path analysis were used to examine the various components of the relationship between religiosity and the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Results indicate that private religiosity moderates the relationship between key risk factors and substance use. Public and private religiosity were associated with tolerant injunctive substance use norms which, in turn, were associated with substance use. Implications for research and theory related to religiosity and adolescent substance use are discussed.

scholarly journals NATO between Exclusivity and Inclusivity: Measuring NATO’s Partnerships

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Branislav Mičko
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

Building on an original dataset, this article focuses on the interactions between NATO and its declared worldwide partners. It argues that the analysis of these interactions can reveal NATO’s strategic approach to partnerships, but it can also provide a tool for its classification as an organisation that is either exclusive – defined by the focus on defence of its members, or inclusive – emphasising the global protection of democracies and human rights. The relationship between types of interactions and NATO categorisation is estimated using an unconditional negative binomial regression with fixed effects as well as a within-between (hybrid) model. Furthermore, they are illustrated on two brief case studies of Sweden and Japan. The results of the study suggest that NATO engages primarily with countries that are powerful relative to their neighbourhood, even though they are not the most powerful among the partners. The given country’s level of democracy, integration into the international institutions, and stability, do not seem to play any overarching role here.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Social Vulnerability and COVID-19 Incidence Among Louisiana Census Tracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Biggs ◽  
Patrick M. Maloney ◽  
Ariane L. Rung ◽  
Edward S. Peters ◽  
William T. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Social Vulnerability Index ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To examine the association between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and COVID-19 incidence among Louisiana census tracts.Methods: An ecological study comparing the CDC SVI and census tract-level COVID-19 case counts was conducted. Choropleth maps were used to identify census tracts with high levels of both social vulnerability and COVID-19 incidence. Negative binomial regression with random intercepts was used to compare the relationship between overall CDC SVI percentile and its four sub-themes and COVID-19 incidence, adjusting for population density.Results: In a crude stratified analysis, all four CDC SVI sub-themes were significantly associated with COVID-19 incidence. Census tracts with higher levels of social vulnerability were associated with higher COVID-19 incidence after adjusting for population density (adjusted RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.41-1.65).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that increased social vulnerability is linked with COVID-19 incidence. Additional resources should be allocated to areas of increased social disadvantage to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 in vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Near-Repeat Street Robbery and the Environment: Evidence from Malmö, Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Markus Rasmusson ◽  
Marco Helbich
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Near Repeat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crime Event

Near-repeat crime refers to a pattern whereby one crime event is soon followed by a similar crime event at a nearby location. Existing research on near-repeat crime patterns is inconclusive about where near-repeat patterns emerge and which physical and social factors influence them. The present research addressed this gap by examining the relationship between initiator events (i.e., the first event in a near-repeat pattern) and environmental characteristics to estimate where near-repeat patterns are most likely to emerge. A two-step analysis was undertaken using data on street robberies reported in Malmö, Sweden, for the years 2006–15. After determining near-repeat patterns, we assessed the correlations between initiator events and criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators using a negative binomial regression at a street segment level. Our results show that both criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators have a significant influence on the spatial variation of initiator events, suggesting that environmental characteristics can be used to explain the emergence of near-repeat patterns. Law enforcement agencies can utilize the findings in efforts to prevent further street robberies from occurring.

scholarly journals The relationship between fleas and small mammals in households of the Western Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Xiang Yin ◽  
Xiao-Ou Cheng ◽  
Yun-Yan Luo ◽  
Qiu-Fang Zhao ◽  
Zhao-Fei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Small Male ◽  
Western Yunnan ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The Yunnan province has one of the most serious outbreaks of the plague epidemic in China. Small mammals and fleas are risk factors for the occurrence of plague in commensal plague foci. Understanding the relationship between fleas and small mammals will help control fleas and prevent the onset of the plague. Four hundred and twenty-one small mammals, belonging to 9 species, were captured. Of these, 170 small mammals (40.4%) were found infested with fleas. A total of 992 parasitic fleas (including 5 species) were collected. The number of Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 91.03% (903/992). The final multiple hurdle negative binomial regression model showed that when compared with Rattus tanezumi, the probability of flea infestation with Mus musculus as well as other host species decreased by 58% and 99%, respectively, while the number of flea infestations of the other host species increased by 4.71 folds. The probability of flea prevalence in adult hosts increased by 74%, while the number of fleas decreased by 76%. The number of flea infestations in small male mammals increased by 62%. The number of fleas in small mammals weighing more than 59 g has been multiplied by about 4. R. tanezumi is the predominant species in households in the west Yunnan province, while L.segnis and X. cheopis were dominant parasitic fleas. There is a strong relationship between the abundance of fleas and the characteristics of small mammals (e.g. Species, age, sex, and body weight).

Safety Evaluation of Geometric Design Criteria for Spacing of Entrance–Exit Ramp Sequence and Use of Auxiliary Lanes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2309 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Q. Le ◽  
Richard J. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Book Design ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Auxiliary Lanes ◽  
The Relationship

Geometric design decisions regarding interchange and ramp spacing on freeways have traditionally taken a nominal approach to safety. This approach oversimplifies driver behavior and complex interactions between roadway geometrics, traffic operations, and safety and tends to promote a one-size-fits-all approach to evaluating design alternatives. The objective of this paper was to quantify the relationship between ramp spacing and freeway safety. Data for this study included freeway geometric features, traffic characteristics, and crash counts for 404 freeway segments in California and Washington State. A negative binomial regression modeling approach was used to explore the relationship between ramp spacing and safety. Results indicated that expected crash frequency increased as ramp spacing decreased. The expected proportion of crashes resulting in a fatality or injury appeared to decrease as ramp spacing decreased. The presence of an auxiliary lane was associated with a lower expected frequency of crashes for any given ramp spacing; the safety benefits of providing an auxiliary lane diminished as ramp spacing increased. The model results related to ramp spacing and the presence of an auxiliary lane were transformed into crash modification factors and validated through comparisons with an independent research study on weaving areas in Texas. The safety findings were generally consistent with current Green Book design criteria related to ramp spacing and the presence of an auxiliary lane. The ability to quantify the expected impact on safety of ramp spacing associated with new or modified interchanges will assist transportation agencies in making well-informed assessments of the overall benefits, impacts, and costs of freeway access decisions.

scholarly journals Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among people experiencing homelessness in Toronto during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linh Luong ◽  
Michaela Beder ◽  
Rosane Nisenbaum ◽  
Aaron Orkin ◽  
Jonathan Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Background: People experiencing homelessness are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study reports the point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during testing conducted at sites serving people experiencing homelessness in Toronto during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also explored the association between site characteristics and prevalence rates. Methods: The study included individuals who were staying at shelters, encampments, COVID-19 physical distancing sites, and drop-in and respite sites and completed outreach-based testing for SARS-CoV-2 during the period April 17 to July 31, 2020. We examined test positivity rates over time and compared them to rates in the general population of Toronto. Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between each shelter-level characteristic and SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates. We also compared the rates across 3 time periods (T1: April 17-April 25; T2: April 26-May 23; T3: May 24-June 25). Results: The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 8.5% (394/4657). Site-specific rates showed great heterogeneity with infection rates ranging from 0% to 70.6%. Compared to T1, positivity rates were 0.21 times lower (95% CI: 0.06, 0.75) during T2 and 0.14 times lower (95% CI: 0.043, 0.44) during T3. Most cases were detected during outbreak testing (384/394 [97.5%]) rather than active case finding. Interpretation: During the first wave of the pandemic, rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection at sites for people experiencing homelessness in Toronto varied significantly over time. The observation of lower rates at certain sites may be attributable to overall time trends, expansion of outreach-based testing to include sites without known outbreaks and/or individual site characteristics.

scholarly journals Estimation of side-impact crash risk at signalized intersections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewan Masul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Side impact accidents are considered to be the most dangerous of all types of intersection accidents due to their high severity. In-depth investigation of accident occurrence could be a valuable means of mitigating these accidents. Based on the relationship between the distribution of disturbances near intersections and driers reactions, this study developed a logic for three major types of signalized intersections side impact crashes were considered for this study - right-angle, and left and right-turning crashes. The study developed models to understand the relationship between accident frequency and some explanatory variables that represent, driver, vehicle, traffic flow and intersection design characteristics. Negative binomial regression with maximum likelihood estimation of parameters is applied to address the overdispersion usually found in accident count data. The models explain the mechanism of side-impact accident occurrence and could be used to assist safety management agencies to devise countermeasures aimed at divers, and the physical roadway environment.

The relationship between citations, downloads and alternative metrics in rheumatology publications: a bibliometric study

Rheumatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie M Y Chen ◽  
Marwan Bukhari ◽  
Francesca Cockshull ◽  
James Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
H Index ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alternative Metrics

Abstract Objective Scientific journals and authors are frequently judged on ‘impact’. Commonly used traditional metrics are the Impact Factor and H-index. However, both take several years to formulate and have many limitations. Recently, Altmetric—a metric that measures impact in a non-traditional way—has gained popularity. This project aims to describe the relationships between subject matter, citations, downloads and Altmetric within rheumatology. Methods Data from publications in Rheumatology were used. Articles published from 2010 to 2015 were reviewed. Data were analysed using Stata 14.2 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Correlation between citations, downloads and Altmetric were quantified using linear regression, comparing across disease topics. Relationship between downloads and months since publications were described using negative binomial regression, clustering on individual articles. Results A total of 1460 Basic Science and Clinical Science articles were identified, with the number of citations, downloads and Altmetric scores. There were no correlations between disease topic and downloads (R2 = 0.016, P = 0.03), citations (R2 = 0.011, P = 0.29) or Altmetric (R2 = 0.025, P = 0.02). A statistically significant positive association was seen between the number of citations and downloads (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.001). No correlations were seen between Altmetric and downloads (R2 = 0.028, P < 0.001) or citations (R2 = 0.004, P = 0.445). Conclusion Disease area did not correlate with any of the metrics compared. Correlations were apparent with clear links between downloads and citations. Altmetric identified different articles as high impact compared with citation or download metrics. In conclusion: tweeting about your research does not appear to influence citations.

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