Transcriptome analysis of bread wheat leaves in response to salt stress

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting crop productivity. In the current study, the transcriptome of wheat leaves in an Iranian salt-tolerant cultivar (Arg) was investigated in response to salinity stress to identify salinity stress-responsive genes and mechanisms. More than 114 million reads were generated from leaf tissues by the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. An amount of 81.9% to 85.7% of reads could be mapped to the wheat reference genome for different samples. The data analysis led to the identification of 98819 genes, including 26700 novel transcripts. A total of 4290 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recognized, comprising 2346 up-regulated genes and 1944 down-regulated genes. Clustering of the DEGs utilizing Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that transcripts associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, transporters, transcription factors, hormone signal transduction, glycosyltransferases, exosome, and MAPK signaling might be involved in salt tolerance. The expression patterns of nine DEGs were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR in Arg and Moghan3 as the salt-tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. The obtained results were consistent with changes in transcript abundance found by RNA-sequencing in the tolerant cultivar. The results presented here could be utilized for salt tolerance enhancement in wheat through genetic engineering or molecular breeding.

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Research Advances on Tall Fescue Salt Tolerance: From Root Signaling to Molecular and Metabolic Adjustment

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04120-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 142 (5) ◽

pp. 337-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erick Amombo ◽

Huiying Li ◽

Jinmin Fu

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Cool Season ◽

Abiotic Stress Factors ◽

Metabolic Adjustment

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that constrain plant growth and limit crop productivity. About a quarter of the global land area is affected by salinity; therefore, there is increased need to develop salt-tolerant crops. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the most important cool-season turfgrasses, which has medium tolerance to salinity and has a promising potential to be used as a turfgrass under saline conditions. However, up to now, the maximum use of tall fescue under salinity stress is still limited by inadequate scientific literature. Recent studies have attempted to identify various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels in tall fescue. The successful integration of information concerning signal sensing, molecular tools with recent advances in -omics would certainly provide a clue for creating salt-tolerant tall fescue. Because salinity limits water availability to plants via hindering water absorption, and by inducing physiological drought, here we review and propose a probable mechanism of tall fescue response to salinity stress and to similar effects induced by drought based on published literature.

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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Tolerant and Sensitive Varieties Reveals That Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Contributes to Salt Tolerance in Mulberry

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22179402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (17) ◽

pp. 9402

Author(s):

Tiantian Gan ◽

Ziwei Lin ◽

Lijun Bao ◽

Tian Hui ◽

Xiaopeng Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Heavy Metal Stress ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Proline Content ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Selection Of

Mulberry, an important woody tree, has strong tolerance to environmental stresses, including salinity, drought, and heavy metal stress. However, the current research on mulberry resistance focuses mainly on the selection of resistant resources and the determination of physiological indicators. In order to clarify the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in mulberry, the physiological changes and proteomic profiles were comprehensively analyzed in salt-tolerant (Jisang3) and salt-sensitive (Guisangyou12) mulberry varieties. After salt treatment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and proline content were significantly increased compared to control, and the MDA and proline content in G12 was significantly lower than in Jisang3 under salt stress. The calcium content was significantly reduced in the salt-sensitive mulberry varieties Guisangyou12 (G12), while sodium content was significantly increased in both mulberry varieties. Although the Jisang3 is salt-tolerant, salt stress caused more reductions of photosynthetic rate in Jisang3 than Guisangyou12. Using tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomics, the changes of mulberry proteome levels were analyzed in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive mulberry varieties under salt stress. Combined with GO and KEGG databases, the differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in the GO terms of amino acid transport and metabolism and posttranslational modification, protein turnover up-classified in Guisangyou12 while down-classified in Jisang3. Through the comparison of proteomic level, we identified the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may play an important role in salt tolerance of mulberry. We clarified the molecular mechanism of mulberry salt tolerance, which is of great significance for the selection of excellent candidate genes for saline-alkali soil management and mulberry stress resistance genetic engineering.

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Is foliar Cl- concentration the cause of photosynthetic decline in grapevine during mild salinity?

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.4.4795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 33-48

Author(s):

John P. Baggett ◽

Saied Habibsadeh ◽

Haley S. Toups ◽

Noé Cochetel ◽

Ryan Ghan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Differential Gene Expression ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Rooted Cutting ◽

Ion Concentrations ◽

Anion Transporters ◽

Differential Gene

Moderate levels of Cl- have been associated with grapevine salt tolerance. The hypothesis to be tested in this work is: photosynthesis in grapevine is negatively correlated with foliar Cl- concentration. To further test this hypothesis, multiple mild salinity experiments on four different Vitis genotypes (Cabernet-Sauvignon, Riparia Gloire, Ramsey and SC2) were conducted and photosynthesis, ion concentrations and gene expression responses were quantified. The salt-tolerant rootstock Ramsey had greater Cl- exclusion capabilities than V. vinifera cultivars both during rooted cutting greenhouse experiments and three years of field-grafted experiments; SC2 also excluded Cl-. Differential gene expression indicated that salinity affected transcript abundance more in salt-sensitive genotypes (97.7 % of DEGs in the dataset), especially chloroplast-related transcripts. The transcript abundances of known anion transporters were determined and a family of putative B transporters was associated with the Cl- exclusion phenotype. Photosynthesis and growth were maintained in Ramsey and SC2 under mild salinity. However, photosynthesis declined in Cabernet-Sauvignon with isosmotic 20 mM salt concentrations of NaCl, KCl or NaNO3, independent of the salt type. While foliar Cl- concentrations did correlate with salt tolerance during control and NaCl conditions, it was not found to be the cause of photosynthetic decline in Vitis during mild salinity.

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SALT TOLERANCE IN TEN CULTIVARS OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1149d ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1149d-1149

Author(s):

Mahdi S. Abdal ◽

Jagan N. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

High Salinity ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Vegetable Crop ◽

Leaf Necrosis ◽

Final Survival ◽

Ongoing Project

Eggplant is an important vegetable crop in Kuwait. Eggplant is considered to have moderately sensitive salt-tolerance, though no quantitative information is available on its salt sensitivity. Selecting salt-tolerant genotypes in eggplant is an ongoing project at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Towards the goal of selecting salt-tolerant genotypes in eggplant a completely randomized experiment using 10 cultivars, replicated 3 times were tested against 2 levels of high salinity stress (EC MS.cm-1 at 25°C, 15.0 and 18.0) along with the control (EC MS.cm-1 at 25°C, 3.0). The experiment was conducted on 15 days old seedlings inside a greenhouse. Data on shoot length and visual observations on leaf necrosis, leaf collapse and root color was also recorded. There was a clear degree of variability as well as significant differences in growth and final survival, between cultivars at 2 levels of salinity stress. Those genotypes that showed significant higher growth rates and survival without any signs on leaf necrosis and root collapse formed the basis salt-tolerant genotypes.

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Variation for Salinity Tolerance During Seed Germination in Diverse Carrot [Daucus carota (L.)] Germplasm

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13333-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Adam Bolton ◽

Philipp Simon

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Screening Criteria ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Plant Introductions ◽

Carrot Seed

Global carrot production is limited by the crop’s high susceptibility to salinity stress. Not much public research has been conducted to screen for genetic salinity stress tolerance in carrot, and few resources exist to aid plant breeders in improving salinity tolerance in carrot. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the response of diverse carrot germplasm to salinity stress, identify salt-tolerant carrot germplasm that may be used by breeders, and define appropriate screening criteria for assessing salt tolerance in germinating carrot seed. Carrot plant introductions (PIs) (n = 273) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Plant Germplasm System representing 41 different countries, inbred lines from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (n = 16), and widely grown commercial hybrids (n = 5) were screened for salinity tolerance under salinity stress and nonstress conditions (150 and 0 mm NaCl, respectively) by measuring the absolute decrease (AD) in the percent of germination, inhibition index (II), relative salt tolerance (RST), and salt tolerance index (STI) of germinating seeds. All salt tolerance measurements differed significantly between accessions; AD ranged from −4.2% to 93.0%; II ranged from −8.0% to 100.0%; RST ranged from 0.0 to 1.08; and STI ranged from 0.0 to 1.38. Broad sense heritability calculations for these measurements were 0.87 or more, indicating a strong genetic contribution to the variation observed. Six accessions identified as salt-tolerant or salt-susceptible were evaluated in a subsequent experiment conducted at salt concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mm NaCl. Variations between mean AD, II, RST, and STI of tolerant and susceptible lines were greatest at 150 mm NaCl, validating the use of 150 mm NaCl concentrations during salt tolerance screening of carrot seed. Wild carrot accessions displayed little tolerance, and PI 256066, PI 652253, PI 652402, and PI 652405 from Turkey were most salt-tolerant.

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Screening of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) Accessions for High Salt Tolerance

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/627916 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Md. Amirul Alam ◽

Abdul Shukor Juraimi ◽

M. Y. Rafii ◽

Azizah Abdul Hamid ◽

Farzad Aslani

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Population Pressure ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Cultivable Land ◽

High Salt Tolerance ◽

Crop Variety

Purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) is an herbaceous leafy vegetable crop, comparatively more salt-tolerant than any other vegetables with high antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins. Salt-tolerant crop variety development is of importance due to inadequate cultivable land and escalating salinity together with population pressure. In this view a total of 25 purslane accessions were initially selected from 45 collected purslane accessions based on better growth performance and subjected to 5 different salinity levels, that is, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, and 40.0 dS m−1NaCl. Plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, and dry matter contents in salt treated purslane accessions were significantly reduced (P≤0.05) and the enormity of reduction increased with increasing salinity stress. Based on dry matter yield reduction, among all 25 purslane accessions 2 accessions were graded as tolerant (Ac7 and Ac9), 6 accessions were moderately tolerant (Ac3, Ac5, Ac6, Ac10, Ac11, and Ac12), 5 accessions were moderately susceptible (Ac1, Ac2, Ac4, Ac8, and Ac13), and the remaining 12 accessions were susceptible to salinity stress and discarded from further study. The selected 13 purslane accessions could assist in the identification of superior genes for salt tolerance in purslane for improving its productivity and sustainable agricultural production.

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Evaluation of Salt Tolerance at Germination Stage in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12195-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 1168-1176 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Waltram Second Ravelombola ◽

Ainong Shi ◽

Yuejin Weng ◽

John Clark ◽

Dennis Motes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Salt Tolerance Index ◽

Germination Stage

Cowpea is a leguminous and versatile crop which provides nutritional food for human consumption. However, salinity unfavorably reduces cowpea seed germination, thus significantly decreasing cowpea production. Little has been done for evaluating and developing salt-tolerant cowpea genotypes at germination stage. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the response of cowpea genotypes to salinity stress through seed germination rate and to select salt-tolerant cowpea genotypes. The seed germination rates under nonsalt condition and salinity stress (150 mm NaCl) were evaluated in 151 cowpea genotypes. Four parameters, absolute decrease (AD), the inhibition index (II), the relative salt tolerance (RST), and the salt tolerance index (STI) were used to measure salt tolerance in cowpea. The results showed that there were significant differences among the 151 cowpea genotypes for all parameters (P values <0.0001). The AD in germination rate was 5.8% to 94.2%; the II varied from 7.7% to 100%; the RST ranged from 0 to 0.92; and STI varied from 0 to 0.92. A high broad sense heritability (H2) was observed for all four parameters. High correlation coefficients (r) were estimated among the four parameters. PI582422, 09–529, PI293584, and PI582570 were highly salt tolerant at germination stage. In addition, genotypes from the Caribbean and Southern Asia exhibited better tolerance to salinity, whereas those from Europe and North America were the most salt-susceptible.

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Understanding salt tolerance mechanism using transcriptome profiling and de novo assembly of wild tomato Solanum chilense

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72474-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. P. Kashyap ◽

H. C. Prasanna ◽

Nishi Kumari ◽

Pallavi Mishra ◽

B. Singh

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

De Novo ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Solanum Chilense

Abstract Soil salinity affects the plant growth and productivity detrimentally, but Solanum chilense, a wild relative of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is known to have exceptional salt tolerance. It has precise adaptations against direct exposure to salt stress conditions. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanism to salinity stress tolerance by S. chilense can be accomplished by comprehensive gene expression studies. In this study 1-month-old seedlings of S. chilense and S. lycopersicum were subjected to salinity stress through application of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Through RNA-sequencing here we have studied the differences in the gene expression patterns. A total of 386 million clean reads were obtained through RNAseq analysis using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Clean reads were further assembled de novo into a transcriptome dataset comprising of 514,747 unigenes with N50 length of 578 bp and were further aligned to the public databases. Genebank non-redundant (Nr), Viridiplantae, Gene Ontology (GO), KOG, and KEGG databases classification suggested enrichment of these unigenes in 30 GO categories, 26 KOG, and 127 pathways, respectively. Out of 265,158 genes that were differentially expressed in response to salt treatment, 134,566 and 130,592 genes were significantly up and down-regulated, respectively. Upon placing all the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in known signaling pathways, it was evident that most of the DEGs involved in cytokinin, ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, and Ca2+ mediated signaling pathways were up-regulated. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis was performed using REVIGO and up-regulation of multiple genes involved in various biological processes in chilense under salinity were identified. Through pathway analysis of DEGs, “Wnt signaling pathway” was identified as a novel pathway for the response to the salinity stress. Moreover, key genes for salinity tolerance, such as genes encoding proline and arginine metabolism, ROS scavenging system, transporters, osmotic regulation, defense and stress response, homeostasis and transcription factors were not only salt-induced but also showed higher expression in S. chilense as compared to S. lycopersicum. Thus indicating that these genes may have an important role in salinity tolerance in S. chilense. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding on possible molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants in general and tomato in particular.

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Genetic insights into natural variation underlying salt tolerance in wheat

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa500 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Long Li ◽

Zhi Peng ◽

Xinguo Mao ◽

Jingyi Wang ◽

Chaonan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Linkage Drag ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Root Number ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Root Responses ◽

Chinese Wheat

Abstract Developing salt-tolerant crop varieties is one of the important approaches to cope with increasing soil salinization worldwide. In this study, a diversity panel of 323 wheat accessions and 150 doubled haploid lines were phenotyped for salt-responsive morphological and physiological traits across two growth stages. The comprehensive salt tolerance of each wheat accession was evaluated based on principal component analysis. A total of 269 associated loci for salt-responsive traits and/or salt tolerance indices were identified by genome-wide association studies using 395 675 single nucleotide polymorphisms, among which 22 overlapping loci were simultaneously identified by biparental quantitative trait loci mapping. Two novel candidate genes ROOT NUMBER 1 (TaRN1) and ROOT NUMBER 2 (TaRN2) involved in root responses to salt stress fell within overlapping loci, showing different expression patterns and a frameshift mutation (in TaRN2) in contrasting salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. Moreover, the decline in salt tolerance of Chinese wheat varieties was observed from genetic and phenotypic data. We demonstrate that a haplotype controlling root responses to salt stress has been diminished by strong selection for grain yield, which highlights that linkage drag constrains the salt tolerance of Chinese wheat. This study will facilitate salt-tolerant wheat breeding in terms of elite germplasm, favorable alleles and selection strategies.

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Up Regulation in Transcript Abundance of Plastidic Isoforms of Antioxidant Enzymes and Accumulation of Compatible Osmolytes Impart Tissue Tolerance to Salinity Stressed Wheat Plants

10.20944/preprints202103.0742.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lekshmy Sathee ◽

Rajkumar Sairam ◽

Viswanathan Chinnusamy

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Calcium Influx ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Antioxidant Defence ◽

Ion Exclusion ◽

High Level ◽

Compatible Osmolyte ◽

Tolerance To Salinity

The response of salt tolerant wheat genotype (Kharchia 65), and sensitive cultivars (HD2687, HD2009, WL711) to vegetative stage salinity stress (for 4 weeks) were studied at 1.1 (control), 9.1 (S1) and 14.2 (S2) dSm-1 salinity levels. Based on relative change in Membrane stability, PSII efficiency, retention of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, Kharchia 65 showed better tolerance to salinity than other genotypes considered. To understand the role of different component mechanisms, expression of genes involved in ion exclusion, antioxidant defence and compatible osmolyte synthesis were analysed. Expression of SOS1 (plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter), NHX (vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter), Ionic (sodium exclusion) and tissue tolerance (Sodium compartmentation, compatible solute accumulation and antioxidant defence) mechanisms were analysed in leaves of the genotypes after 4 weeks of salinity stress. Expression assay and the content of respective constituents indicated that apart from the well-known ion exclusion ability, Kharchia 65 also showed high level of tissue tolerance resulting in high early vigour and maintenance of growth rate afterwards. In Kharchia 65, sensing of salinity stress at plasma membrane activates NADPH Oxidase (RBOH) genes and generate ROS at apoplast. Apoplastic ROS triggers calcium influx and activates calcium signaling genes of SOS pathway (SOS1 and NHX). ROS generated from organelles chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria triggers cellular oxidative burst. ROS and calcium activates MAPK genes and downstream transcription factors, NAC and bZIP. MAPK signaling induces cellular antioxidant and compatible osmolyte biosynthesis and imparts tissue tolerance to salinity.

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