Decolonization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Hantke
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
The Us ◽  
Soviet Communism ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Cold War History ◽  
Us Intervention ◽  
Alternative Reading

This chapter examines the issue of Cold War decolonization in films that chose the global sphere as their setting. Films like Richard Fleischer's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), Irwin Allen's The Lost World (1960), and Ib Melchior's The Time Travelers (1964) testify to the science fiction film's interest in placing American travelers in postcolonial locations. Starting in the late 1950s and gaining momentum in the early 1960s, this trend was infused with new eagerness by the Kennedy administration's foreign initiatives (from the space program to the Peace Corps). Superficially, these films demonstrate that US intervention in the Third World is called for and legitimate whenever Soviet influence appears as a rival or counterforce to American attempts to gain allies or secure markets. However, upon closer inspection, some of these films also make room for an alternative reading of Cold War history. They acknowledge that the US must sometimes confront a danger more insidious than Soviet communism—political non-alignment driven by “economic nationalism.”

Rethinking the Middle East and North Africa in the Cold War

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-319
Author(s):  
Paul Thomas Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Third World ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Cold War History

The new Cold War history has begun to reshape the ways that international historians approach the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the post-1945 era. Rather than treating the region as exceptional, a number of scholars have sought to focus on the historical continuities and transnational connections between the Middle East and other areas of the Third World. This approach is based on the notion that the MENA region was enmeshed in the transnational webs of communication and exchange that characterized the post-1945 global system. Indeed, the region sat not only at the crossroads between Africa and the Eurasian landmass but also at the convergence of key global historical movements of the second half of the 20th century. Without denying cultural, social, and political elements that are indeed unique to the region, this scholarship has drawn attention to the continuities, connections, and parallels between the Middle Eastern experience and the wider world.

6. American foreign policy during the Cold War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Saull
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter examines US foreign policy during the Cold War, beginning with an overview of the main historical developments in US policy. It first considers the origins of the Cold War and containment, focusing on the breakdown of the wartime alliance between the United States and the USSR, the emergence of US–Soviet diplomatic hostility and geopolitical confrontation, and how the Cold War spread beyond Europe. It then explains how the communist revolution in China in 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 propelled the US towards a much bolder and more ambitious containment policy. It also looks at US military interventions in the third world, the US role in the ending of the Cold War, and the geopolitical, ideational, and/or socio-economic factors that influenced American foreign policy during the Cold War. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the dual concerns of US foreign policy.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 29 The US Intervention in Nicaragua—1981–88

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kammerhofer Jörg
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Icj ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention ◽  
Self Defence

This chapter focuses on the US intervention in Nicaragua from 1981 to 1988, as a contribution to the state practice on the law on the use of force and the right to self-defence under both UN Charter and customary law. After an overview of the background of the so-called ‘contra war’ and of the salient facts regarding the US intervention in that conflict, it discusses the positions of the two parties on the facts and law, and takes note of the reaction of the international community, focusing on the debates at the UN. The next section focuses on the legality of the operation; the ICJ’s holdings in its 1986 Nicaragua judgment form the backbone of that discussion, while taking note of dissent and comment both inside and outside the Court. The contribution concludes by discussing the precedential value and effect of this conflict, and of the ICJ case.

Union Busting as Development: Transnationalism, Empire and Kennedy's Secret Labour Programme for Bolivia

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Third World ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Government Records ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Third World

AbstractDrawing on archives from the US labour movement, personal papers of transnational labour organisers, Bolivian oral histories and press reports, and government records from four countries, this article explores a web of Cold War relationships forged between Bolivian workers and US government and labour officials. Uncovering a panoply of parallel and sometimes conflicting state-supported trade union development programmes, the article reveals governments’ inability to fully control the exuberance of ideologically-motivated labour activists. Rather than succeed in shoring up a civilian government as intended, US President John F. Kennedy's union-busting programme aggravated fissures in Bolivia's non-Communist Left, ultimately frustrating its attempt to steer a non-aligned posture in Latin America's Cold War. Employing transnational methods to bridge gaps between labour, development and diplomatic history, this article points toward a new imperial studies approach to the multi-sited conflicts that shaped the post-war trajectory of labour movements in Bolivia and throughout the Third World.

scholarly journals Colonial empires and USA policy in the South-East Asia after the 1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
Stanislav Gennadyevich Malkin ◽  
Sergey Olegovich Buranok ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Military

The following paper analyzes the characteristics of the US foreign policy decision-making process at the beginning of the Cold War, due to the active appeal of representatives of the political establishment, the military and the countrys expert community to the colonial experience of the European powers in terms of the prospects of applying their experience in ensuring colonial control in Southeast Asia before and after the end of the World War II as part of the US political course in this region. In addition, it is concluded that more attention should be paid to the role and, therefore, to the prosopographic profile of the experts (in the broad sense of the word), who collaborated with the departments responsible for the development of American foreign policy, such as the Department of State and the Pentagon, and formulated many of the conclusions, which, at least rhetorically, formed the basis of Washingtons course in Southeast Asia after 1945. Special attention is paid to interpretations of the role of colonial knowledge in the light of the unfolding Cold War in the third world, proposed by British diplomats and the military to their American colleagues in the logic of the special relations between Great Britain and the United States.

scholarly journals Why the end of the Cold War doesn't matter: the US war of terror in Colombia

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Third World ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
South American ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War

Orthodox narratives of US foreign policy have been employed as uncontested modes of historical interpretation with US post-Cold War foreign policy in the Third World characterised by discontinuity from its earlier Cold War objectives. Chomsky's work adopts an alternative revisionist historiography that views US post-Cold War foreign policy as characterised by continuity with its earlier Cold War objectives. This article examines the continuities of US post-Cold War policy in Colombia, and explains this in terms of the maintenance of US access to South American oil, the preservation of regional (in)stability and the continued need to destroy challenges to US-led neoliberalism.

scholarly journals Cold War and American Intervention in Malvinas (1982)

Quinto Sol ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ana Laura Bochicchio ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
International Context ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention

This article analyzes the Malvinas war from a global perspective, understanding the direction that it took on as intertwined with the international context of the Cold War. To this end, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of the United States policy, first a diplomatic one and then an interventionist one, as an ally of Great Britain. Analyzing the bilateral conversations between Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan together with official statements and publications of different US state agencies, it can be seen the way in which the development of the Malvinas war, beyond the regional particularities that triggered it, was inserted within the anti-Soviet logic of the second Cold War. Added to this is a global context of the imposition of neoliberal policies that radicalized the US intervention in Latin America in favor of the imposition of its capitalist imperialist model.

Dennis Kux. Estranged Democracies: India and the United States 1941-1991. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1993. Hardbound. Indian Rupees 375.00.

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Khwaja Sarmad
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Alliance System

Cold war US-Soviet relations were characterised by a large gap between hostile talk and cautious action, though both countries backed and armed rival sides in wars in the third world. During the cold war US foreign policy was detennined by the sole objective of containing Soviet territorial and ideological 'expansionism'. This was also the defining element in US-Indian subcontinent relations in the coldwar period. Thus the main reason for the estrangement in US-India relations is not hard to discern-while the US aggressively sought partners in its anti-Soviet alliance system, India nurtured its economic and military supplies relationship with the Soviet Union. Furthermore, while there persisted a fundamental conflict between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir issue, Pakistan participated in the US sponsored anti-Soviet alliance system and gained from US military and economic assistance.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 36 The US Intervention in Panama—1989

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsagourias Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention

This chapter examines the legality of the 1989 US intervention in Panama and assesses its impact on the use of force regime. After recalling the facts of the incident, it goes on to analyse the legal arguments provided by the US government to justify its action. More specifically, the US invoked its right to protect American citizens abroad as part of its right to self-defence; the right to intervene to protect the Panama Canal provided by the Panama Canal Treaties; and the invitation of the democratically elected Leader of the Opposition. The chapter then presents the reactions of states and the views of legal commentators. It concludes by saying that the incident affirms existing law but also contributes to the development of the rules regulating the use of force in international law.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 11 The US Intervention in the Dominican Republic—1965

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Christian
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Legal Assessment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention

This chapter analyzes the intervention of US American troops in the Dominican Republic in 1965. After setting out the facts and the broader historical context, the positions of the main protagonists and the reactions of third states and international organizations are described in detail. For that purpose, two phases are distinguished: a first, unilateral phase during which the US American troops operated solely on a national basis, and a second phase, which is characterized by a multinational force operating under the auspices of the OAS. In its legal assessment, the chapter concludes that during the first phase the operation may be seen as justified on the grounds of protecting US American citizens abroad. In the second phase, the operation is qualified as a regional peace-keeping operation for which no authorization is needed under Article 53 of the UN Charter.

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